A post whose author cannot be shown is left out of a list, never a 500

The v1.19.0 deploy's tests failed where build.yml's passed. A test stored a public remote post with no author id, and
when the public timeline test ran after it, MastodonMapper.Statuses looked that null up in its accounts and answered
500. The mapper now skips such a post, and the test stores a real author.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01ELjqpznMFMNrJoJUj6K5p2

.gitea/workflows/deploy.yml

@@ -90,13 +90,16 @@ jobs:
           fi
 
       - name: Verify what is being served
-        env:
-          SMOKE_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.PRIVAPUB_SMOKE_TOKEN }}
         run: |
           served=$(curl -fsS "$PUBLIC_URL/build.json" | python3 -c "import json,sys; print(json.load(sys.stdin).get('commit',''))")
           [ "$served" = "$BUILD_COMMIT" ] || { echo "::error::served build is '$served', expected '$BUILD_COMMIT'"; exit 1; }
           code=$(curl -s -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code}' -H 'Accept: application/activity+json' "$PUBLIC_URL/peasants/privapub")
           [ "$code" = "200" ] || { echo "::error::the instance actor answered $code"; exit 1; }
+          # SecureMode (owner decision 2026-10-04): an unsigned reader gets 401 from a persona, a browser the public page
+          code=$(curl -s -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code}' -H 'Accept: application/activity+json' "$PUBLIC_URL/peasants/thepra")
+          [ "$code" = "401" ] || { echo "::error::an unsigned GET of a persona answered $code, not 401: SecureMode is off"; exit 1; }
+          code=$(curl -s -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code}' -H 'Accept: text/html' "$PUBLIC_URL/peasants/thepra")
+          [ "$code" = "302" ] || { echo "::error::a browser asking for a persona got $code, not a redirect"; exit 1; }
           code=$(curl -s -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code}' "$PUBLIC_URL/.well-known/nodeinfo")
           [ "$code" = "200" ] || { echo "::error::nodeinfo answered $code"; exit 1; }
           code=$(curl -s -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code}' "$PUBLIC_URL/swagger/index.html")
@@ -106,6 +109,39 @@ jobs:
           code=$(curl -s -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code}' -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/activity+json' \
             --data '{"type":"Follow","actor":"https://example.org/users/x","object":"'"$PUBLIC_URL"'/peasants/privapub"}' "$PUBLIC_URL/human-centipede")
           [ "$code" = "401" ] || { echo "::error::an unsigned inbox POST answered $code"; exit 1; }
-          tools/smoke/mastodon-api.sh "$PUBLIC_URL" "$SMOKE_TOKEN"
-          [ -n "$SMOKE_TOKEN" ] || echo "::warning::PRIVAPUB_SMOKE_TOKEN is not set, so the signed-in API was not checked"
+          tools/smoke/mastodon-api.sh "$PUBLIC_URL"
+          open=$(curl -fsS "$PUBLIC_URL/nodeinfo/2.1" | python3 -c "import json,sys; print(json.load(sys.stdin)['openRegistrations'])")
+          enabled=$(curl -fsS "$PUBLIC_URL/api/v2/instance" | python3 -c "import json,sys; print(json.load(sys.stdin)['registrations']['enabled'])")
+          [ "$open" = "$enabled" ] || { echo "::error::NodeInfo says registrations are $open, the instance API $enabled"; exit 1; }
+          curl -fsS "$PUBLIC_URL/stargazing" | grep -q 'The crawler is <strong>on</strong>' \
+            || { echo "::error::/stargazing does not say the crawler is on"; exit 1; }
           echo "::notice::serving $served"
+
+      # @thepra is the deploy's own persona (owner decision, 2026-10-04): the server's CLI makes or keeps it, undiscoverable,
+      # and gives its root a new password on every deploy, so no secret is stored and nobody has to create anything.
+      - name: Sign in as @thepra and check the signed-in API
+        run: |
+          creds=$(cd "$WEB_ROOT" && ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT=Production ./PrivaPub admin smoke thepra | grep -E '^deploy-smoke [^ ]+$' | tail -1)
+          [ -n "$creds" ] || { echo "::error::the smoke persona could not be prepared"; exit 1; }
+          read -r login password <<< "$creds"
+          echo "::add-mask::$password"
+          read -r token cid cs <<< "$(tools/smoke/oauth.sh "$PUBLIC_URL" "$login" "$password" thepra read)"
+          echo "::add-mask::$token"
+          tools/smoke/mastodon-api.sh "$PUBLIC_URL" "$token"
+          discoverable=$(curl -fsS -H "Authorization: Bearer $token" "$PUBLIC_URL/api/v1/accounts/verify_credentials" | python3 -c "import json,sys; print(json.load(sys.stdin).get('discoverable'))")
+          [ "$discoverable" = "False" ] || { echo "::error::@thepra is discoverable"; exit 1; }
+          curl -fsS -o /dev/null -X POST "$PUBLIC_URL/oauth/revoke" --data-urlencode "token=$token" \
+            --data-urlencode "client_id=$cid" --data-urlencode "client_secret=$cs"
+          echo "::notice::signed in as @thepra"
+
+      # The server fetches DB-IP Lite itself (GeoUpdater) about 30 s after it starts and then daily; the deploy only checks.
+      - name: Geolocation databases are current
+        run: |
+          for kind in city asn; do
+            db="/var/lib/privapub/geo/dbip-$kind-lite.mmdb"
+            for i in $(seq 1 60); do [ -s "$db" ] && break; sleep 10; done
+            [ -s "$db" ] || { echo "::error::$db is missing: the server has not fetched DB-IP Lite"; exit 1; }
+            days=$(( ($(date +%s) - $(stat -c %Y "$db")) / 86400 ))
+            [ "$days" -le 40 ] || { echo "::error::$db was installed $days days ago"; exit 1; }
+          done
+          curl -fsS "$PUBLIC_URL/stargazing" | grep -o 'DB-IP Lite [0-9-]*' | head -1 | sed 's/^/::notice::locating with /'

CLAUDE.md

@@ -136,18 +136,27 @@ curl-able. Outbound fetches only go to https DNS names resolving to public addre
 `Federation__AllowPrivateNetworks=true`, `Federation__AllowPlainHttp=true` and `Federation__AcceptAnyCertificate=true`,
 which startup refuses in Production.
 
-Promoting an admin on the box (signing up as "admin" grants nothing):
+The admin CLI runs with every service built but nothing started (no Kestrel, no hosted services), so it can run next to
+the live service. Sign-up is closed in production (invitations only), so the first login is made here; promoting is how
+an admin is made (signing up as "admin" grants nothing):
 
 ```bash
-cd /var/www/privapub.thepra.dev && sudo -u www-data ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT=Production ./PrivaPub admin promote <root>
+cd /var/www/privapub.thepra.dev
+echo '<password>' | ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT=Production ./PrivaPub admin create-root <login> --admin   # password on stdin
+ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT=Production ./PrivaPub admin promote|demote <root>
+ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT=Production ./PrivaPub admin smoke <persona>     # the deploy's: prints "deploy-smoke <new password>"
 ```
 
+The deploy runs them as `build-runner`, which owns the published files, reads `appsettings.Production.json` through
+group www-data and reaches the private mongod; `sudo -u www-data` works too.
+
 ## Federation invariants
 
 1. **Every outbound request goes through `IFederationHttp`.** Its handler resolves the name itself and connects only
    to public addresses; redirects are followed by hand (three at most, each re-checked); bodies are capped at 1 MB;
    only JSON media types are read; a refused URL is not asked again for five minutes. Never create another
-   `HttpClient` for federation.
+   `HttpClient` for federation. The only other outbound traffic is SMTP and `GeoUpdater`'s monthly DB-IP Lite download
+   (its own `geo` client, a fixed HTTPS host, size-capped, the file checked before it is swapped in).
 2. **Every fetch is signed by the instance actor** (`privapub`), never by a persona; deliveries are signed by the acting
    avatar or group. Both are draft-cavage rsa-sha256 over `(request-target) host date` (+ `digest` on bodies).
 3. **A remote document is believed only from its own address.** `RemoteActorService.FetchObject` requires the
@@ -173,8 +182,17 @@ cd /var/www/privapub.thepra.dev && sudo -u www-data ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT=Produ
    `ContentFormat` says what `Text` holds. Remote names are plain text.
 8. **Circles federate to members only.** A circle is an undiscoverable Group actor that takes follow requests (the owner
    approves); its posts are addressed to the circle and its `/flock`, delivered to members' personal inboxes, never
-   announced, and served only to a signed request from a member or a member's instance actor
-   (`SignedFetchAuthorizer`), 404 otherwise. Circles never appear in search, lookups, mentions or profile pages.
+   announced. Each member's copy also names that member in `cc` (`OutboxPublisher.Naming`, owner decision
+   2026-10-04), because Mastodon and GoToSocial keep a post only when it names one of their accounts; Create, every
+   Update and the Delete all go through `OutboxPublisher.Publish` for that. A reply to a circle post stays in the circle,
+   and a circle post never asks a non-member for a quote. Circles never appear in search, lookups, mentions or profile
+   pages.
+   **A post that is not public is served only to a signed request from someone it was for** (`SignedFetchAuthorizer.MayRead`):
+   a follower or an addressed account for followers-only, an addressed account for a DM, a member for a circle, or the
+   instance actor of a server where one of them lives; 404 to anyone else, 410 to them once it is deleted. A circle
+   refetch names the requesting member, or the members on the requesting server. A DM's `context`
+   (`/peasants/{name}/whispers/{id}`) lists the conversation's posts for its participants. Mastodon deletes its copy
+   when a refetch answers 404, which is why this matters.
    **Communities** are FEP-1b12 groups: `GroupDistributor` announces the whole activity (plus the object for new posts,
    for Mastodon), top-level posts are `Page`s with a `name`, posting follows `Group.PostingPolicy`.
    Located posts (`LocalGeo`) are the only local-only posts.
@@ -234,6 +252,16 @@ cd /var/www/privapub.thepra.dev && sudo -u www-data ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT=Produ
 
 - **No root id in federation output, NodeInfo or logs, no IP next to an identity in logs, and no `ex.Message` to a
   client** ("Something went wrong." instead).
+- **Sign-in and recovery never tell which logins or addresses exist** (owner decision 2026-10-04): every failed sign-in
+  gets "That username and password do not match." after the same hashing (`RootUsersService.Decoy`, a constant-time
+  comparison), and only a correct password learns of a ban. Every recovery request answers the same sentence and
+  queues a `SendRecovery` job, found or not; `RecoveryJob` sends the email and keeps only a SHA-256 of the code, for an
+  hour. A recovered password ends every session of the root (`RootSessions`: `CredentialsChangedAt` for `/clientapi`
+  JWTs, OpenIddict revocation for each persona).
+- **Deleting a root deletes everything public it had** (`RootRemoval`, from the admin route or `/clientapi/user/delete`
+  with the password): its sessions end, each persona and each group it owns sends `Delete{Actor}` to followers, members
+  and the accounts it follows, the personas' posts are emptied, and `/peasants/{name}`, its inbox and WebFinger answer
+  410 (`LocalActorService.Gone`) while the names stay reserved. The root keeps only a `deleted-{id}` name.
 - **Never derive a public name from the root username.** Invitation sign-up takes `AvatarUserName` and refuses one
   equal to the login.
 - **One username space:** personas, groups and the instance reserve their name in `ReservedName` (unique index) before
@@ -403,14 +431,17 @@ tools/pasture/run.sh down                                            # removes e
     delete is checked as a 404 on `/api/v1/statuses/{id}`.
   - It creates its accounts locked, so the scenario approves alice's request through `/api/v1/follow_requests`, which
     also checks our pending (`requested`) state and the manual Accept.
-  - 37 checks: discovery and follows both ways; posts and CW; a reply and its notification; likes and boosts both
+  - 55 checks: discovery and follows both ways; posts and CW; a reply and its notification; likes and boosts both
     ways; DMs both ways and off public timelines; polls both ways; quote policy; link cards; edits and deletes both
-    ways; unfollow; block and unblock; statistics.
+    ways; communities and circles; locked personas; unfollow; block and unblock; statistics.
+  - It files a circle post as a direct message and shows it only to the accounts it mentions, so like a DM it is
+    checked in the member's `/api/v1/conversations`, never by URI.
 - **Mastodon (4.7.3):** web and sidekiq on the shared Postgres and Redis, `ALLOWED_PRIVATE_ADDRESSES` for the network.
   Its token comes from `rails runner` (no password grant). Without Elasticsearch its status search finds nothing, so
   deliveries are checked through `/api/v1/accounts/:id/statuses` of the sender as Mastodon knows them, or
   `Status.exists?` through `rails runner`. Its actors are numbered (`/ap/users/<id>`), so look URIs up rather than
-  build them. 49 checks; circle posts are an expected failure (see `docs/INTEROP.md`, Mastodon).
+  build them. Circle posts and a followers-only post survive its signed refetch (`ActivityPub::FetchRemoteStatusService`
+  through `rails runner`). Inbound Block is the one expected failure until P7.
 - **Misskey (2026.10.0):** one container on the shared Postgres and Redis. A new Misskey federates with nobody
   (`federation: none`) until `admin/update-meta` says `all`, which `misskey_up` does. Its API is `POST /api/<endpoint>`
   with the token as `i` (`mk` in the scenario); `users/relation` answers a list, `users/notes` leaves replies out unless
@@ -432,6 +463,9 @@ tools/pasture/run.sh down                                            # removes e
   its own activity and every bare `Announce{object}` 400 by design, and the echo is still needed (see
   `docs/INTEROP.md`, Lemmy). A new Lemmy never sends what it queued for a server before its send worker for that
   server started, so the scenario waits for that worker (`lm_worker`) before its first follow. 20 checks; relayed votes and a moderator's removal are expected failures (P7).
+- **SecureMode:** `PRIVAPUB_ENV="Federation__SecureMode=true" run.sh up …`, as production runs. A check of what an
+  unsigned reader sees uses `unserved` and `gone_unsigned` (`lib/interop.sh`), which expect 401 when SecureMode is on and
+  404 or 410 when it is off.
 - **Crawler:** `PRIVAPUB_ENV="Statistics__Crawler__Enabled=true Statistics__Crawler__Seeds__0=mastodon.test"
   run.sh up mastodon`, then `interop.sh crawler`. `PRIVAPUB_ENV` passes any setting to the PrivaPub container.
 - `run.sh up` replaces every container, Mongo included, so each run starts clean. To keep the data, republish into
@@ -446,10 +480,17 @@ the owner's GoToSocial account.**
   `deploy.yml`: tests, self-contained linux-x64 publish, snapshot and `mongodump` to `/var/backups/privapub.thepra.dev`,
   stop → rsync → start, a `127.0.0.1:6970/build.json` health loop with rollback, then public checks (actor, NodeInfo,
   Swagger 404, inbox junk 400, unsigned 401) and `tools/smoke/mastodon-api.sh` (app registration, client credentials,
-  discovery, instance, public timeline; pass a persona token as a second argument to check the signed-in side).
+  discovery, instance, public timeline). Then it checks that what production should be running is running:
+  - NodeInfo and the instance API agree on registrations (closed, invitations only);
+  - `/stargazing` says the crawler is on;
+  - **@thepra signs in**: `PrivaPub admin smoke thepra` gives the root `deploy-smoke` a new password, `tools/smoke/oauth.sh`
+    runs the real OAuth flow (the pasture's `privapub_token` uses the same script), the signed-in API is checked, the
+    persona must be undiscoverable, and the token is revoked;
+  - the DB-IP Lite databases, which the server fetches itself (`GeoUpdater`), exist and are at most 40 days old.
 - **The box:** Max (`nuvola.xyz`). Unit `privapub` runs as www-data from `/var/www/privapub.thepra.dev` with
   `ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT=Production`.
-- **One-time root setup:** `deploy/max/setup.sh`, run through `../arasaka.software/tools/max/run.sh`.
+- **One-time root setup:** `deploy/max/setup.sh`, run through `../arasaka.software/tools/max/run.sh` (directories, the
+  runner's sudoers line, the units, nginx and the certificate). Nothing that runs later needs it again.
 - **Config:** `appsettings.Production.json` is committed and deployed, **secrets included, by the owner's convention**
   (the same as arasaka.software). A hand edit on the box is lost at the next deploy.
 - **Secrets drift:** `AppConfigurationService` copies `AppConfiguration` into Mongo on first boot and reads the stored

FEDERATION.md

@@ -73,8 +73,10 @@ A group is either a **community** or a **circle**.
   top-level post is a `Page` with a `name`. Members are counted at `/flock`; moderators are listed at `/wardens`, which
   the actor's `attributedTo` points to, with `postingRestrictedToMods` as Lemmy expects. A mention of a community posts into it.
 - A **circle** is private. Its actor is not discoverable and every follow is a request. Its posts are addressed to the
-  circle and its members collection, delivered to each member's own inbox and never announced. They are served only
-  to a signed request from a member, or from the instance actor of a member's server; anyone else gets 404. A
+  circle and its members collection, delivered to each member's own inbox and never announced. Each member's copy also
+  names that member in `cc`, so servers that keep only posts naming one of their accounts (Mastodon, GoToSocial) keep
+  it; it names no other member. The posts are served only to a signed request from a member, or from the instance actor
+  of a member's server, and that copy names the member (or the members on that server); anyone else gets 404. A
   Mastodon member's replies reach only the people they mention.
 - Announces from **remote** groups (Lemmy communities) are followed through to the activity: the object is fetched
   from its own origin, never taken from the announce.
@@ -162,6 +164,22 @@ The page's OpenGraph and Twitter tags give the title, description and image; the
 days and shared by every account on the server. Images are served to clients only through PrivaPub's media proxy.
 `Federation:FetchLinkPreviews=false` turns page fetching off.
 
+## Server descriptions and the crawler
+
+PrivaPub keeps statistics about servers, never about accounts (see `/stargazing` on the server).
+- **Describing a server:** a server it exchanges activities with is described at most once a week, from:
+  - `/.well-known/nodeinfo` and the NodeInfo document it links;
+  - `/api/v2/instance`, falling back to `/api/v1/instance`.
+
+  These requests are unsigned, because they are not ActivityPub documents.
+- **The crawler** is on at privapub.thepra.dev. It identifies as
+  `PrivaPub-Stargazer/<version> (+https://privapub.thepra.dev/stargazing)`.
+  - **What it reads:** `/robots.txt`, then the documents above and `/api/v1/instance/peers`, and nothing else: no
+    accounts, posts or directories.
+  - **How often:** one server a minute, each at most weekly.
+  - **Opting out:** in robots.txt, the crawler obeys the group `PrivaPub-Stargazer`, then `PrivaPub`, then `*`. A
+    robots.txt that answers with a server error or times out also keeps it out, as do this server's domain blocks.
+
 ## Local-only posts
 
 Posts with a location (shown to nearby users of this server) never leave the server, in any form.
@@ -176,6 +194,13 @@ Posts with a location (shown to nearby users of this server) never leave the ser
   deletes, must be on its actor's origin. An embedded object from another origin is fetched from that origin.
 - **Fetching.** All fetches are signed by the instance actor. They go only to public addresses, follow at most three
   redirects and read at most 1 MB.
+- **Reading our documents (SecureMode).** privapub.thepra.dev answers ActivityPub GETs only when they are signed, like
+  Mastodon's authorized fetch; the instance actor `/peasants/privapub` is the exception, since its key is needed first.
+  A browser asking for HTML is redirected to the public page instead.
+- **Posts that are not public** (followers-only, direct, circle) are served to a signed request from someone they were
+  for, or from the instance actor of a server where someone they were for lives, and to nobody else (404). Once deleted
+  they answer those same readers 410. A direct message's `context`, `/peasants/{name}/whispers/{id}`, is an
+  `OrderedCollection` of the conversation's posts for its participants.
 - **HTML.** Received HTML is sanitised to Mastodon's allowlist.
 - **Keys we cannot fetch for now.** When a sender's key cannot be fetched because its server timed out or answered
   5xx, the inbox answers 503 with `Retry-After: 300` rather than 401.

PrivaPub.ClientModels/User/RemoveSelfForm.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+using PrivaPub.ClientModels.Resources;
+
+using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
+
+namespace PrivaPub.ClientModels.User
+{
+	// Deleting one's own login, and with it every persona and group it owns, asks for the password again.
+	public class RemoveSelfForm
+	{
+		[Required(ErrorMessageResourceName = "Required", ErrorMessageResourceType = typeof(ErrorsResource)),
+			Display(Name = "Password", ResourceType = typeof(FieldsNameResource))]
+		public string Password { get; set; }
+	}
+}

PrivaPub.Tests/Domain/ContentRendererTests.cs

@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Tests.Domain
 		{
 			public string BaseAddress => Base;
 
+			public Task<GoneActor> Gone(string userName, CancellationToken token) => Task.FromResult<GoneActor>(default);
 			public Task<LocalActor> FindByUserName(string userName, CancellationToken token) =>
 				Task.FromResult(userName.Equals("alice", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
 					? new LocalActor { Id = "a1", UserName = "alice", BaseAddress = Base, Kind = LocalActorKind.Person }

PrivaPub.Tests/Federation/GroupTests.cs

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ using PrivaPub.Models.Federation;
 using PrivaPub.Models.Group;
 using PrivaPub.Models.Post;
 using PrivaPub.Models.Social;
+using PrivaPub.StaticServices;
 using PrivaPub.Tests.Support;
 
 using System.Text.Json.Nodes;
@@ -138,21 +139,86 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Tests.Federation
 			Assert.Equal(PostVisibility.Circle, outcome.Post.Visibility);
 			var create = Assert.Single(await _harness.Outgoing(member.Id + "/inbox"));
 			Assert.Equal(new[] { circle.Uri, circle.Flock }, create["object"]!["to"]!.AsArray().Select(t => t!.GetValue<string>()));
+			// the member's copy names the member, so Mastodon and GoToSocial keep it, and names nobody else
+			Assert.Equal(new[] { member.Id }, create["cc"]!.AsArray().Select(t => t!.GetValue<string>()));
+			Assert.Equal(new[] { member.Id }, create["object"]!["cc"]!.AsArray().Select(t => t!.GetValue<string>()));
+			Assert.Contains(create["object"]!["tag"]!.AsArray(), t => t!["type"]!.GetValue<string>() == "Mention" && t["href"]!.GetValue<string>() == member.Id);
 			Assert.DoesNotContain(Addressing.Public, create.ToJsonString());
 			Assert.Empty(await _harness.Outgoing(follower.SharedInbox));
 			Assert.Empty((await _harness.Outgoing(member.SharedInbox)).Where(a => a["type"]!.GetValue<string>() == "Announce"));
 
-			var authorizer = new SignedFetchAuthorizer(_harness.Remote);
+			var authorizer = new SignedFetchAuthorizer(_harness.Remote, new DbEntities());
 			var path = new Uri(outcome.Post.ObjectURI).AbsolutePath;
 			var asMember = await authorizer.Requester(member.Get(Harness.Host, path), token);
 			var asOutsider = await authorizer.Requester(outsider.Get(Harness.Host, path), token);
 			Assert.True(SignedFetchAuthorizer.MayReadCircle(circleEntity, asMember));
 			Assert.False(SignedFetchAuthorizer.MayReadCircle(circleEntity, asOutsider));
 			Assert.False(SignedFetchAuthorizer.MayReadCircle(circleEntity, default));
+			Assert.True(await authorizer.MayRead(outcome.Post, asMember, token));
+			Assert.False(await authorizer.MayRead(outcome.Post, asOutsider, token));
+			Assert.Equal(new[] { member.Id }, SignedFetchAuthorizer.CircleReaders(circleEntity, asMember));
 			Assert.True(circle.IsCircle);
 			Assert.False(circle.Discoverable);
 		}
 
+		[Fact]
+		public async Task A_circle_posts_edit_and_delete_reach_each_member_naming_only_that_member()
+		{
+			var token = TestContext.Current.CancellationToken;
+			var (_, alice) = await _harness.Persona("alice");
+			var first = new RemoteActor(_harness.Peer, "first");
+			var second = new RemoteActor(_harness.Peer, "second", _harness.Peer.B);
+			var (_, circle) = await Group(GroupKind.Circle, PostingPolicy.Followers, alice.Id, first.Id, second.Id);
+			await _harness.Remote.GetActor(first.Id, refresh: false, token);
+			await _harness.Remote.GetActor(second.Id, refresh: false, token);
+
+			var outcome = await _harness.Statuses.Publish(alice, new StatusDraft { Text = "just us", GroupId = circle.Id }, token);
+			await _harness.Statuses.Edit(alice, outcome.Post.ID, new StatusDraft { Text = "just us, edited" }, token);
+			await _harness.Statuses.Remove(alice, outcome.Post.ID, token);
+
+			foreach (var (member, other) in new[] { (first, second), (second, first) })
+			{
+				var sent = await _harness.Outgoing(member.Id + "/inbox");
+				Assert.Equal(new[] { "Create", "Update", "Delete" }, sent.Select(a => a["type"]!.GetValue<string>()));
+				Assert.All(sent, a => Assert.Contains(member.Id, a["cc"]!.AsArray().Select(c => c!.GetValue<string>())));
+				Assert.All(sent, a => Assert.DoesNotContain(other.Id, a.ToJsonString()));
+			}
+		}
+
+		[Fact]
+		public async Task A_reply_to_a_circle_post_stays_in_it_and_a_circle_post_asks_nobody_outside_for_a_quote()
+		{
+			var token = TestContext.Current.CancellationToken;
+			var (_, alice) = await _harness.Persona("alice");
+			var (_, bob) = await _harness.Persona("bob");
+			var (entity, circle) = await Group(GroupKind.Circle, PostingPolicy.Followers, alice.Id);
+			entity.Members.Add(new GroupMember { AvatarId = bob.Id });
+			await DB.Default.SaveAsync(entity, token);
+			var outsider = new RemoteActor(_harness.Peer, "asked");
+			var outsiderAccount = await _harness.Remote.GetActor(outsider.Id, refresh: false, token);
+			var asksFirst = new Post
+			{
+				ObjectURI = $"{Origin(outsider)}/notes/{Guid.NewGuid():N}",
+				ActorURI = outsider.Id,
+				GroupUserId = outsiderAccount.ID,
+				AuthorAccountId = outsiderAccount.ID,
+				IsFederatedCopy = true,
+				Visibility = PostVisibility.Public,
+				ContentHtml = "<p>ask me first</p>",
+				QuotePolicy = new InteractionRule { Manual = new() { Addressing.Public } }
+			};
+			await DB.Default.SaveAsync(asksFirst, token);
+
+			var root = await _harness.Statuses.Publish(alice, new StatusDraft { Text = "just us", GroupId = circle.Id }, token);
+			var reply = await _harness.Statuses.Publish(bob, new StatusDraft { Text = "still just us", InReplyTo = root.Post.ID }, token);
+			var quote = await _harness.Statuses.Publish(alice, new StatusDraft { Text = "look", GroupId = circle.Id, QuotedStatusId = asksFirst.ID }, token);
+
+			Assert.Equal(PostVisibility.Circle, reply.Post.Visibility);
+			Assert.Equal(circle.Id, reply.Post.GroupId);
+			Assert.Equal(422, quote.Status);
+			Assert.Empty(await _harness.Outgoing(outsider.Id + "/inbox"));
+		}
+
 		[Fact]
 		public async Task Only_circle_members_can_post_into_a_circle()
 		{

PrivaPub.Tests/Http/ClientApiAccountsTests.cs

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ using MongoDB.Entities;
 using PrivaPub.ClientModels;
 using PrivaPub.Models.Group;
 using PrivaPub.Models.User;
+using PrivaPub.Services;
+using PrivaPub.Models.Jobs;
 using PrivaPub.Tests.Support;
 using PrivaPub.Tests.Support.Host;
 
@@ -136,9 +138,11 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Tests.Http
 
 			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.OK, ok.StatusCode);
 			Assert.Equal(root.Id, (await ok.JsonBody())["userId"]!.GetValue<string>());
+			// a wrong password and an unknown login get the same answer, so sign-in tells nobody which logins exist
 			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.BadRequest, wrong.StatusCode);
-			Assert.Equal("Wrong password.", await Message(wrong));
+			Assert.Equal(RootUsersService.NoMatch, await Message(wrong));
 			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.BadRequest, unknown.StatusCode);
+			Assert.Equal(await Message(wrong), await Message(unknown));
 			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.OK, logout.StatusCode);
 			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.Unauthorized, anonymousLogout.StatusCode);
 		}
@@ -290,42 +294,59 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Tests.Http
 		}
 
 		[Fact]
-		public async Task Recovery_without_an_email_is_refused()
+		public async Task Recovery_answers_the_same_whoever_asks_and_queues_the_work()
 		{
-			var root = await _host.SignUp("noemail");
+			var token = TestContext.Current.CancellationToken;
+			var since = DateTime.UtcNow.AddSeconds(-1);
+			var withEmail = await _host.SignUp("withemail");
+			var withoutEmail = await _host.SignUp("noemail");
+			var email = $"{Guid.NewGuid():N}@example.test";
+			using (var signedIn = _host.As(withEmail.Jwt))
+				Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.OK, (await signedIn.PostJson("/clientapi/user/update", new { email })).StatusCode);
 			using var client = _host.Client();
 
-			var response = await client.PostJson("/clientapi/user/recover/password", new { userName = root.UserName });
-			var unknown = await client.PostJson("/clientapi/user/recover/password", new { userName = Name("nobody") });
-			var neither = await client.PostJson("/clientapi/user/recover/password", new { });
+			var answers = new[]
+			{
+				await client.PostJson("/clientapi/user/recover/password", new { userName = withEmail.UserName }),
+				await client.PostJson("/clientapi/user/recover/password", new { email }),
+				await client.PostJson("/clientapi/user/recover/password", new { userName = withoutEmail.UserName }),
+				await client.PostJson("/clientapi/user/recover/password", new { userName = Name("nobody") }),
+				await client.PostJson("/clientapi/user/recover/password", new { email = $"{Guid.NewGuid():N}@example.test" })
+			};
+			var bodies = new List<string>();
+			foreach (var answer in answers)
+			{
+				Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.OK, answer.StatusCode);
+				bodies.Add(await answer.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(token));
+			}
 
-			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.Locked, response.StatusCode);
-			Assert.Contains("doesn't have an email", await Message(response));
-			Assert.False(await DB.Default.Find<EmailRecovery>().Match(r => r.RootUserId == root.Id).ExecuteAnyAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken));
-			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.NotFound, unknown.StatusCode);
-			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.BadRequest, neither.StatusCode);
+			Assert.Single(bodies.Distinct());
+			Assert.Contains("recovery link is on its way", bodies[0]);
+			var queued = await DB.Default.Find<Job>().Match(j => j.Kind == JobKind.SendRecovery && j.CreatedAt >= since).ExecuteAsync(token);
+			Assert.True(queued.Count >= answers.Length);
+			Assert.Contains(queued, j => j.Payload.Contains(withEmail.Id));
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.BadRequest, (await client.PostJson("/clientapi/user/recover/password", new { })).StatusCode);
 		}
 
 		[Fact]
-		public async Task Recovery_through_an_unreachable_mail_server_says_so_and_nothing_more()
+		public async Task The_recovery_job_keeps_only_a_hash_and_an_unreachable_mail_server_says_nothing_to_anyone()
 		{
+			var token = TestContext.Current.CancellationToken;
 			var root = await _host.SignUp("smtp");
 			var email = $"{Guid.NewGuid():N}@example.test";
 			using (var signedIn = _host.As(root.Jwt))
 				Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.OK, (await signedIn.PostJson("/clientapi/user/update", new { email })).StatusCode);
 			using var client = _host.Client();
 
-			var byName = await client.PostJson("/clientapi/user/recover/password", new { userName = root.UserName });
-			var byEmail = await client.PostJson("/clientapi/user/recover/password", new { email });
+			var answer = await client.PostJson("/clientapi/user/recover/password", new { userName = root.UserName });
+			await _host.Run(j => j.Kind == JobKind.SendRecovery && j.Payload.Contains(root.Id), token);
 
-			foreach (var response in new[] { byName, byEmail })
-			{
-				var body = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
-				Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.ServiceUnavailable, response.StatusCode);
-				Assert.Equal("Failed to send email.", JsonNode.Parse(body)!["errorMessage"]!.GetValue<string>());
-				foreach (var leak in new[] { "xception", "efused", "ocket", "127.0.0.1", "smtp", "SMTP", "  at " })
-					Assert.DoesNotContain(leak, body);
-			}
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.OK, answer.StatusCode);
+			var recovery = await DB.Default.Find<EmailRecovery>().Match(r => r.RootUserId == root.Id).ExecuteFirstAsync(token);
+			Assert.NotNull(recovery);
+			Assert.Null(recovery.RecoveryCode);
+			Assert.Equal(64, recovery.CodeHash.Length);
+			Assert.InRange(recovery.ExpiresAt, DateTime.UtcNow.AddMinutes(50), DateTime.UtcNow.AddMinutes(61));
 		}
 
 		[Fact]
@@ -348,7 +369,10 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Tests.Http
 		{
 			var root = await _host.SignUp("recover");
 			var code = Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N") + Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N");
-			await DB.Default.SaveAsync(new EmailRecovery { RootUserId = root.Id, RecoveryCode = code }, TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+			await DB.Default.SaveAsync(new EmailRecovery { RootUserId = root.Id, CodeHash = RecoveryJob.Hash(code), ExpiresAt = DateTime.UtcNow.AddHours(1) },
+				TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+			var persona = await _host.Persona(root, "recovered");
+			var apiToken = await _host.MastodonToken(persona);
 			using var client = _host.Client();
 
 			var valid = await client.PostAsync("/clientapi/user/recover/valid", new StringContent($"\"{code}\"", Encoding.UTF8, "application/json"), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
@@ -361,6 +385,29 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Tests.Http
 			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.BadRequest, (await LogIn(root.UserName, root.Password)).StatusCode);
 			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.OK, (await LogIn(root.UserName, NewPassword)).StatusCode);
 			Assert.False(await DB.Default.Find<EmailRecovery>().Match(r => r.RootUserId == root.Id).ExecuteAnyAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken));
+			// whoever held the old sessions may be why the password was recovered: they end
+			using (var oldSession = _host.As(root.Jwt))
+				Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.Unauthorized, (await oldSession.GetAsync("/clientapi/user/sniff/again", TestContext.Current.CancellationToken)).StatusCode);
+			using (var oldApp = _host.Client())
+			{
+				oldApp.DefaultRequestHeaders.Authorization = new("Bearer", apiToken);
+				Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.Unauthorized, (await oldApp.GetAsync("/api/v1/accounts/verify_credentials", TestContext.Current.CancellationToken)).StatusCode);
+			}
+		}
+
+		[Fact]
+		public async Task An_expired_recovery_code_changes_nothing()
+		{
+			var root = await _host.SignUp("expired");
+			var code = Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N") + Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N");
+			await DB.Default.SaveAsync(new EmailRecovery { RootUserId = root.Id, CodeHash = RecoveryJob.Hash(code), ExpiresAt = DateTime.UtcNow.AddMinutes(-1) },
+				TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+			using var client = _host.Client();
+
+			var change = await client.PostJson("/clientapi/user/recover/update/password", new { newPassword = NewPassword, repeatedPassword = NewPassword, recoveryCode = code });
+
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.NotFound, change.StatusCode);
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.OK, (await LogIn(root.UserName, root.Password)).StatusCode);
 		}
 
 		[Fact]

PrivaPub.Tests/Http/ClientApiPersonasTests.cs

@@ -154,6 +154,34 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Tests.Http
 			Assert.DoesNotContain(persona.Root.UserName, update.ToJsonString());
 		}
 
+		[Fact]
+		public async Task A_theme_change_here_keeps_what_the_mastodon_api_set()
+		{
+			var persona = await _host.Persona(await _host.SignUp("keep"), "keep");
+			await DB.Default.Update<Avatar>().MatchID(persona.Id)
+				.Modify(a => a.Settings.IsDiscoverable, false)
+				.Modify(a => a.Settings.IsLocked, true)
+				.Modify(a => a.Settings.QuotePolicy, QuotePolicies.Nobody)
+				.ExecuteAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+			using var client = _host.As(persona.Root.Jwt);
+
+			var response = await client.PostJson("/clientapi/avatar/private/update", new
+			{
+				avatarId = persona.Id,
+				name = "Kept",
+				biography = "same settings",
+				settings = new { isDefault = false, darkThemeIndexColour = 100, themeIsDarkMode = true }
+			});
+
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.OK, response.StatusCode);
+			var settings = (await DB.Default.Find<Avatar>().MatchID(persona.Id).ExecuteFirstAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken)).Settings;
+			Assert.True(settings.ThemeIsDarkMode);
+			Assert.Equal(100, settings.DarkThemeIndexColour);
+			Assert.False(settings.IsDiscoverable);
+			Assert.True(settings.IsLocked);
+			Assert.Equal(QuotePolicies.Nobody, settings.QuotePolicy);
+		}
+
 		[Fact]
 		public async Task Updating_another_roots_persona_is_refused()
 		{

PrivaPub.Tests/Http/FederationGetTests.cs

@@ -322,11 +322,66 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Tests.Http
 			Assert.Equal(new[] { circle.Uri, circle.Uri + "/flock" }, Strings(asMember.Json["to"]));
 			Assert.DoesNotContain(ActivityPubRenderer.Public, asMember.Text);
 			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.OK, asMemberServer.Status);
+			// a refetch names the member, as the member's copy did; the instance actor sees the members on its server only
+			Assert.Equal(new[] { member.Id }, Strings(asMember.Json["cc"]));
+			Assert.Equal(new[] { member.Id }, Strings(asMemberServer.Json["cc"]));
 			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.NotFound, (await _client.Fetch(path)).Status);
 			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.NotFound, (await _client.Fetch(path, Browser)).Status);
 			foreach (var outsider in new[] { neighbour, stranger, strangerServer })
 				Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.NotFound, (await _client.Fetch(outsider.SignedGet(path))).Status);
-			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.NotFound, (await _client.Fetch($"/peasants/{owner.UserName}/grunts/create-{post.ID}")).Status);
+			var create = $"/peasants/{owner.UserName}/grunts/create-{post.ID}";
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.NotFound, (await _client.Fetch(create)).Status);
+			var createAsMember = await _client.Fetch(member.SignedGet(create));
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.OK, createAsMember.Status);
+			Assert.Equal(post.ObjectURI, createAsMember.Json["object"]!["id"]!.GetValue<string>());
+			Assert.Equal(new[] { member.Id }, Strings(createAsMember.Json["object"]!["cc"]));
+		}
+
+		[Fact]
+		public async Task Followers_only_and_direct_posts_are_served_to_signed_fetches_from_those_they_were_for()
+		{
+			var token = TestContext.Current.CancellationToken;
+			var owner = await _host.Persona(await _host.SignUp(), "private");
+			var follower = new RemoteActor(_peer, "follower");
+			var followerServer = new RemoteActor(_peer, "instance", type: "Application");
+			var recipient = new RemoteActor(_peer, "recipient");
+			var stranger = new RemoteActor(_peer, "stranger", _peer.B);
+			_peer.WebFinger(recipient);
+			await DB.Default.SaveAsync(new Follower
+			{
+				LocalActorId = owner.Id,
+				LocalActorKind = LocalActorKind.Person,
+				ActorURI = follower.Id,
+				InboxURL = follower.Id + "/inbox"
+			}, token);
+			var quiet = await _host.Publish(owner, "for followers", PostVisibility.FollowersOnly);
+			var direct = await _host.Publish(owner, new StatusDraft { Text = $"@{recipient.Handle()} just you", PlainText = true, Visibility = PostVisibility.Direct });
+			var quietPath = $"/peasants/{owner.UserName}/scribbles/{quiet.ID}";
+			var directPath = $"/peasants/{owner.UserName}/scribbles/{direct.ID}";
+
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.OK, (await _client.Fetch(follower.SignedGet(quietPath))).Status);
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.OK, (await _client.Fetch(followerServer.SignedGet(quietPath))).Status);
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.NotFound, (await _client.Fetch(stranger.SignedGet(quietPath))).Status);
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.NotFound, (await _client.Fetch(quietPath)).Status);
+			var asRecipient = await _client.Fetch(recipient.SignedGet(directPath));
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.OK, asRecipient.Status);
+			Assert.Contains(recipient.Id, Strings(asRecipient.Json["to"]));
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.NotFound, (await _client.Fetch(follower.SignedGet(directPath))).Status);
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.NotFound, (await _client.Fetch(directPath)).Status);
+
+			// the DM's context is the conversation, for its participants only
+			var context = PathOf(asRecipient.Json["context"]!.GetValue<string>());
+			var conversation = await _client.Fetch(recipient.SignedGet(context));
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.OK, conversation.Status);
+			Assert.Equal(new[] { direct.ObjectURI }, Strings(conversation.Json["orderedItems"]));
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.NotFound, (await _client.Fetch(stranger.SignedGet(context))).Status);
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.NotFound, (await _client.Fetch(context)).Status);
+
+			// once deleted, those it was for learn it is gone; everyone else still learns nothing
+			await _host.Remove(owner, quiet);
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.Gone, (await _client.Fetch(follower.SignedGet(quietPath))).Status);
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.NotFound, (await _client.Fetch(stranger.SignedGet(quietPath))).Status);
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.NotFound, (await _client.Fetch(quietPath)).Status);
 		}
 
 		[Fact]
@@ -463,6 +518,10 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Tests.Http
 			Assert.Equal("Application", instance.Json["type"]!.GetValue<string>());
 			foreach (var path in paths[..^1])
 				Assert.True((await client.Fetch(reader.SignedGet(path))).Status == HttpStatusCode.OK, $"{path} refused a signed GET");
+			// a browser is not asked for a signature: it is only sent to the public pages
+			var browser = await client.Fetch($"/peasants/{persona.UserName}", Browser);
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.Redirect, browser.Status);
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.Redirect, (await client.Fetch($"/peasants/{persona.UserName}/scribbles/{post.ID}", Browser)).Status);
 		}
 	}
 }

PrivaPub.Tests/Http/MastodonInstanceTests.cs

@@ -28,7 +28,8 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Tests.Http
 			Assert.Equal("4.2.0 (compatible; PrivaPub)", v1.Body.Text("version"));
 			Assert.Equal(InstanceController.Version, v1.Body.Text("version"));
 			Assert.Equal(PrivaPubHost.Host, v1.Body.Text("uri"));
-			Assert.False(v1.Body.Flag("registrations"));
+			Assert.True(v1.Body.Flag("registrations"));
+			Assert.True(v1.Body.Flag("invites_enabled"));
 			Assert.True(v1.Body["stats"].Number("user_count") >= 0);
 			Assert.Equal(5000, v1.Body["configuration"]!["statuses"].Number("max_characters"));
 			Assert.Equal(4, v1.Body["configuration"]!["polls"].Number("max_options"));
@@ -41,7 +42,8 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Tests.Http
 			Assert.Equal(InstanceController.Version, v2.Body.Text("version"));
 			Assert.Equal(PrivaPubHost.Host, v2.Body.Text("domain"));
 			Assert.Equal($"wss://{PrivaPubHost.Host}", v2.Body["configuration"]!["urls"].Text("streaming"));
-			Assert.False(v2.Body["registrations"].Flag("enabled"));
+			Assert.True(v2.Body["registrations"].Flag("enabled"));
+			Assert.True((await anonymous.Get("/nodeinfo/2.1")).Ok().Body.Flag("openRegistrations"));
 			Assert.False(v2.Body["configuration"]!["translation"].Flag("enabled"));
 			Assert.Equal(7, v2.Body["api_versions"].Number("mastodon"));
 

PrivaPub.Tests/Http/RegistrationsTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Testing;
+
+using PrivaPub.Infrastructure;
+using PrivaPub.Tests.Support;
+using PrivaPub.Tests.Support.Host;
+
+using System.Net;
+
+namespace PrivaPub.Tests.Http
+{
+	[Trait("Category", "Integration")]
+	public sealed class RegistrationsTests : IAsyncLifetime
+	{
+		WebApplicationFactory<Program> _closed;
+
+		public async ValueTask InitializeAsync()
+		{
+			Assert.SkipUnless(MongoFixture.Enabled, MongoFixture.Skip);
+			var shared = await PrivaPubHost.Shared();
+			_closed = shared.WithWebHostBuilder(builder => builder.UseSetting("Registrations:Mode", nameof(RegistrationMode.Invitations)));
+		}
+
+		public async ValueTask DisposeAsync()
+		{
+			if (_closed != default)
+				await _closed.DisposeAsync();
+		}
+
+		[Fact]
+		public async Task Invitations_only_refuses_sign_up_and_every_document_says_closed()
+		{
+			using var client = _closed.CreateClient(new WebApplicationFactoryClientOptions { BaseAddress = new Uri(PrivaPubHost.Base + "/"), AllowAutoRedirect = false });
+			client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add(PrivaPubHost.ClientHeader, $"10.9.{Random.Shared.Next(256)}.{Random.Shared.Next(1, 255)}");
+
+			var signUp = await client.PostJson("/clientapi/user/signup", new { userName = $"closed{Guid.NewGuid():N}"[..20], password = "Closed-Door-Pass-1" });
+			var nodeInfo = (await client.Get("/nodeinfo/2.1")).Ok().Body;
+			var v1 = (await client.Get("/api/v1/instance")).Ok().Body;
+			var v2 = (await client.Get("/api/v2/instance")).Ok().Body;
+
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.Forbidden, signUp.StatusCode);
+			Assert.Contains("invitation", await signUp.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken));
+			Assert.False(nodeInfo.Flag("openRegistrations"));
+			Assert.False(v1.Flag("registrations"));
+			Assert.True(v1.Flag("invites_enabled"));
+			Assert.False(v2["registrations"].Flag("enabled"));
+			Assert.Equal(RegistrationOptions.ClosedMessage, v2["registrations"].Text("message"));
+		}
+	}
+}

PrivaPub.Tests/Http/RootRemovalTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+using MongoDB.Entities;
+
+using PrivaPub.Models.Federation;
+using PrivaPub.Models.User;
+using PrivaPub.Tests.Support;
+using PrivaPub.Tests.Support.Host;
+
+using System.Net;
+using System.Net.Http.Json;
+
+using GroupEntity = PrivaPub.Models.Group.Group;
+using PostEntity = PrivaPub.Models.Post.Post;
+
+namespace PrivaPub.Tests.Http
+{
+	// Deleting a root deletes its personas and their groups everywhere (owner decision 2026-10-04).
+	[Trait("Category", "Integration")]
+	public sealed class RootRemovalTests : IAsyncLifetime
+	{
+		PrivaPubHost _host;
+		HttpClient _client;
+		Peer _peer;
+
+		public async ValueTask InitializeAsync()
+		{
+			Assert.SkipUnless(MongoFixture.Enabled, MongoFixture.Skip);
+			_host = await PrivaPubHost.Shared();
+			_client = _host.Client();
+			_peer = await Peer.Start();
+		}
+
+		public async ValueTask DisposeAsync()
+		{
+			_client?.Dispose();
+			if (_peer != default)
+				await _peer.DisposeAsync();
+		}
+
+		async Task<HttpResponseMessage> AdminRemoves(params string[] rootIds)
+		{
+			var admin = await _host.Admin();
+			using var client = _host.As(admin.Jwt);
+			using var request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Delete, "/clientapi/admin/remove/users") { Content = JsonContent.Create(new { userIdList = rootIds }) };
+			return await client.SendAsync(request, TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+		}
+
+		[Fact]
+		public async Task A_removed_roots_personas_and_groups_are_deleted_everywhere_and_say_so()
+		{
+			var token = TestContext.Current.CancellationToken;
+			var root = await _host.SignUp("leaving");
+			var persona = await _host.Persona(root, "leaving");
+			var follower = new RemoteActor(_peer, "fan");
+			var member = new RemoteActor(_peer, "member");
+			await DB.Default.SaveAsync(new Follower { LocalActorId = persona.Id, LocalActorKind = LocalActorKind.Person, ActorURI = follower.Id, InboxURL = follower.Id + "/inbox" }, token);
+			var group = await _host.Group(persona, community: true);
+			var groupId = group["id"]!.GetValue<string>();
+			await DB.Default.SaveAsync(new Follower { LocalActorId = groupId, LocalActorKind = LocalActorKind.Group, ActorURI = member.Id, InboxURL = member.Id + "/inbox" }, token);
+			var post = await _host.Publish(persona, "goodbye soon");
+			var apiToken = await _host.MastodonToken(persona);
+			var since = DateTime.UtcNow.AddSeconds(-1);
+
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.OK, (await AdminRemoves(root.Id)).StatusCode);
+
+			var toFollower = Assert.Single(await Jobs.Deliveries(follower.Id + "/inbox", since, token), d => d["type"]!.GetValue<string>() == "Delete");
+			Assert.Equal(persona.ActorUri(), toFollower["object"]!.GetValue<string>());
+			Assert.Equal(persona.ActorUri(), toFollower["actor"]!.GetValue<string>());
+			var groupName = group["userName"]!.GetValue<string>();
+			Assert.Contains(await Jobs.Deliveries(member.Id + "/inbox", since, token),
+				d => d["type"]!.GetValue<string>() == "Delete" && d["object"]!.GetValue<string>() == $"{PrivaPubHost.Base}/peasants/{groupName}");
+			var gone = await _client.Fetch($"/peasants/{persona.UserName}");
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.Gone, gone.Status);
+			Assert.Equal("Person", gone.Json["formerType"]!.GetValue<string>());
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.Gone, (await _client.Fetch($"/peasants/{groupName}")).Status);
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.Gone, (await _client.GetAsync($"/.well-known/webfinger?resource=acct:{persona.UserName}@{PrivaPubHost.Host}", token)).StatusCode);
+			var stored = await DB.Default.Find<PostEntity>().MatchID(post.ID).ExecuteFirstAsync(token);
+			Assert.NotNull(stored.DeletedAt);
+			Assert.Null(stored.ContentHtml);
+			Assert.NotNull((await DB.Default.Find<GroupEntity>().MatchID(groupId).ExecuteFirstAsync(token)).DeletionAt);
+			var removed = await DB.Default.Find<RootUser>().MatchID(root.Id).ExecuteFirstAsync(token);
+			Assert.Equal($"deleted-{root.Id}", removed.UserName);
+			Assert.Null(removed.HashedPassword);
+			using var app = _host.Client();
+			app.DefaultRequestHeaders.Authorization = new("Bearer", apiToken);
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.Unauthorized, (await app.GetAsync("/api/v1/accounts/verify_credentials", token)).StatusCode);
+		}
+
+		[Fact]
+		public async Task A_second_removal_does_not_collide_with_the_first()
+		{
+			var first = await _host.SignUp("first");
+			var second = await _host.SignUp("second");
+
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.OK, (await AdminRemoves(first.Id)).StatusCode);
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.OK, (await AdminRemoves(second.Id)).StatusCode);
+
+			Assert.NotNull((await DB.Default.Find<RootUser>().MatchID(second.Id).ExecuteFirstAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken)).DeletedAt);
+		}
+
+		[Fact]
+		public async Task A_root_deletes_itself_only_with_its_password()
+		{
+			var token = TestContext.Current.CancellationToken;
+			var root = await _host.SignUp("self");
+			var persona = await _host.Persona(root, "self");
+			using var client = _host.As(root.Jwt);
+
+			var refused = await client.PostJson("/clientapi/user/delete", new { password = "Not-The-Password-1" });
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.Forbidden, refused.StatusCode);
+			Assert.Null((await DB.Default.Find<Avatar>().MatchID(persona.Id).ExecuteFirstAsync(token)).DeletionAt);
+
+			var accepted = await client.PostJson("/clientapi/user/delete", new { password = root.Password });
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.OK, accepted.StatusCode);
+			Assert.NotNull((await DB.Default.Find<Avatar>().MatchID(persona.Id).ExecuteFirstAsync(token)).DeletionAt);
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.Unauthorized, (await client.GetAsync("/clientapi/user/sniff/again", token)).StatusCode);
+		}
+	}
+}

PrivaPub.Tests/Infrastructure/AdminCommandsTests.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+
 using MongoDB.Entities;
 
 using PrivaPub.ClientModels;
@@ -37,8 +39,8 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Tests.Infrastructure
 		{
 			var root = await _host.SignUp("promote");
 
-			Assert.Equal(0, await AdminCommands.Run(new[] { "promote", root.UserName.ToUpperInvariant() }));
-			Assert.Equal(0, await AdminCommands.Run(new[] { "promote", root.UserName }));
+			Assert.Equal(0, await AdminCommands.Run(new[] { "promote", root.UserName.ToUpperInvariant() }, _host.Services));
+			Assert.Equal(0, await AdminCommands.Run(new[] { "promote", root.UserName }, _host.Services));
 
 			Assert.Equal(new[] { Policies.IsAdmin, Policies.IsModerator, Policies.IsUser }.Order(), await StoredPolicies(root));
 		}
@@ -47,10 +49,10 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Tests.Infrastructure
 		public async Task Demote_leaves_a_plain_user()
 		{
 			var root = await _host.SignUp("demote");
-			Assert.Equal(0, await AdminCommands.Run(new[] { "promote", root.UserName }));
+			Assert.Equal(0, await AdminCommands.Run(new[] { "promote", root.UserName }, _host.Services));
 
-			Assert.Equal(0, await AdminCommands.Run(new[] { "demote", root.UserName }));
-			Assert.Equal(0, await AdminCommands.Run(new[] { "demote", root.UserName }));
+			Assert.Equal(0, await AdminCommands.Run(new[] { "demote", root.UserName }, _host.Services));
+			Assert.Equal(0, await AdminCommands.Run(new[] { "demote", root.UserName }, _host.Services));
 
 			Assert.Equal(new[] { Policies.IsUser }, await StoredPolicies(root));
 		}
@@ -58,8 +60,8 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Tests.Infrastructure
 		[Fact]
 		public async Task An_unknown_root_exits_1()
 		{
-			Assert.Equal(1, await AdminCommands.Run(new[] { "promote", $"nobody{Guid.NewGuid():N}" }));
-			Assert.Equal(1, await AdminCommands.Run(new[] { "demote", $"nobody{Guid.NewGuid():N}" }));
+			Assert.Equal(1, await AdminCommands.Run(new[] { "promote", $"nobody{Guid.NewGuid():N}" }, _host.Services));
+			Assert.Equal(1, await AdminCommands.Run(new[] { "demote", $"nobody{Guid.NewGuid():N}" }, _host.Services));
 		}
 
 		public static TheoryData<string[]> Misuses() => new()
@@ -75,7 +77,7 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Tests.Infrastructure
 		[MemberData(nameof(Misuses))]
 		public async Task Misuse_exits_2(string[] args)
 		{
-			Assert.Equal(2, await AdminCommands.Run(args));
+			Assert.Equal(2, await AdminCommands.Run(args, _host.Services));
 		}
 
 		[Fact]
@@ -84,7 +86,7 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Tests.Infrastructure
 			var root = await _host.SignUp("policies");
 			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.Forbidden, await AdminRoute(root));
 
-			Assert.Equal(0, await AdminCommands.Run(new[] { "promote", root.UserName }));
+			Assert.Equal(0, await AdminCommands.Run(new[] { "promote", root.UserName }, _host.Services));
 			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.OK, await AdminRoute(root));
 			using (var client = _host.As(root.Jwt))
 			{
@@ -92,8 +94,54 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Tests.Infrastructure
 				Assert.Contains(Policies.IsAdmin, refreshed["policies"]!.AsArray().Select(p => p!.GetValue<string>()));
 			}
 
-			Assert.Equal(0, await AdminCommands.Run(new[] { "demote", root.UserName }));
+			Assert.Equal(0, await AdminCommands.Run(new[] { "demote", root.UserName }, _host.Services));
 			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.Forbidden, await AdminRoute(root));
 		}
+
+		async Task<HttpStatusCode> LogIn(string login, string password)
+		{
+			using var client = _host.Client();
+			return (await client.PostJson("/clientapi/user/login", new { userName = login, password })).StatusCode;
+		}
+
+		[Fact]
+		public async Task Create_root_makes_a_login_from_a_password_on_standard_input()
+		{
+			using var scope = _host.Services.CreateScope();
+			var login = $"made{Guid.NewGuid():N}"[..20];
+			var output = new StringWriter();
+
+			Assert.Equal(0, await AdminCommands.Run(new[] { "create-root", login, "--admin" }, scope.ServiceProvider, new StringReader("Typed-On-Stdin-1\n"), output));
+			Assert.Equal(1, await AdminCommands.Run(new[] { "create-root", login }, scope.ServiceProvider, new StringReader("Typed-On-Stdin-2\n"), new StringWriter()));
+			Assert.Equal(1, await AdminCommands.Run(new[] { "create-root", $"weak{Guid.NewGuid():N}"[..20] }, scope.ServiceProvider, new StringReader("short\n"), new StringWriter()));
+			Assert.Equal(2, await AdminCommands.Run(new[] { "create-root", login, "--root" }, scope.ServiceProvider, new StringReader("Typed-On-Stdin-3\n"), new StringWriter()));
+
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.OK, await LogIn(login, "Typed-On-Stdin-1"));
+			var stored = await DB.Default.Find<RootUser>().Match(u => u.UserName == login).ExecuteFirstAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+			Assert.Contains(Policies.IsAdmin, stored.Policies);
+		}
+
+		[Fact]
+		public async Task Smoke_keeps_one_undiscoverable_persona_and_a_new_password_each_run()
+		{
+			using var scope = _host.Services.CreateScope();
+			var persona = $"smoke{Guid.NewGuid():N}"[..20];
+			var first = new StringWriter();
+			var second = new StringWriter();
+
+			Assert.Equal(0, await AdminCommands.Run(new[] { "smoke", persona }, scope.ServiceProvider, output: first));
+			Assert.Equal(0, await AdminCommands.Run(new[] { "smoke", persona }, scope.ServiceProvider, output: second));
+
+			var (login, oldPassword) = (first.ToString().Trim().Split(' ')[0], first.ToString().Trim().Split(' ')[1]);
+			var newPassword = second.ToString().Trim().Split(' ')[1];
+			Assert.Equal(AdminCommands.SmokeLogin, login);
+			Assert.NotEqual(oldPassword, newPassword);
+			Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.OK, await LogIn(login, newPassword));
+			Assert.NotEqual(HttpStatusCode.OK, await LogIn(login, oldPassword));
+			var avatars = await DB.Default.Find<Avatar>().Match(a => a.UserName == persona).ExecuteAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+			var avatar = Assert.Single(avatars);
+			Assert.False(avatar.Settings.IsDiscoverable);
+			Assert.False(avatar.Settings.IsIndexable);
+		}
 	}
 }

PrivaPub.Tests/Infrastructure/GeoUpdaterTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+using MaxMind.Db;
+
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.Abstractions;
+
+using PrivaPub.Infrastructure.Geo;
+using PrivaPub.Infrastructure.Statistics;
+using PrivaPub.Tests.Support;
+
+using System.IO.Compression;
+
+namespace PrivaPub.Tests.Infrastructure
+{
+	public sealed class GeoUpdaterTests : IAsyncLifetime
+	{
+		static readonly DateTime Now = new(2026, 10, 4, 12, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
+		static readonly DateTime LastMonth = new(2026, 9, 2, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
+
+		readonly string _directory = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), $"privapub-geo-{Guid.NewGuid():N}");
+		Peer _peer;
+		GeoUpdater _updater;
+		DbIpLocator _locator;
+
+		public async ValueTask InitializeAsync()
+		{
+			_peer = await Peer.Start();
+			var options = new StaticOptions<StatisticsOptions>(new StatisticsOptions
+			{
+				GeoDirectory = _directory,
+				Geo = new GeoOptions { DownloadBase = $"{_peer.A}/free" }
+			});
+			_locator = new DbIpLocator(options, NullLogger<DbIpLocator>.Instance);
+			_updater = new GeoUpdater(new Clients(), options, _locator, NullLogger<GeoUpdater>.Instance);
+		}
+
+		public async ValueTask DisposeAsync()
+		{
+			_locator?.Dispose();
+			await _peer.DisposeAsync();
+			if (Directory.Exists(_directory))
+				Directory.Delete(_directory, recursive: true);
+		}
+
+		sealed class Clients : IHttpClientFactory
+		{
+			public HttpClient CreateClient(string name) => new();
+		}
+
+		static byte[] Gzip(byte[] bytes)
+		{
+			using var output = new MemoryStream();
+			using (var gzip = new GZipStream(output, CompressionLevel.Fastest))
+				gzip.Write(bytes);
+			return output.ToArray();
+		}
+
+		void Publish(string kind, DateTime month, byte[] database) =>
+			_peer.ServeFile($"/free/dbip-{kind}-lite-{month:yyyy-MM}.mmdb.gz", Gzip(database), "application/gzip");
+
+		static byte[] City(DateTime built) => MiniMmdb.Build("DBIP-City-Lite", built);
+		static byte[] Asn(DateTime built) => MiniMmdb.Build("DBIP-ASN-Lite (compat=GeoLite2-ASN)", built);
+
+		DateTime Built(string kind)
+		{
+			using var reader = new Reader(Path.Combine(_directory, GeoUpdater.FileOf(kind)));
+			return reader.Metadata.BuildDate;
+		}
+
+		[Fact]
+		public async Task Missing_databases_are_fetched_checked_and_read_at_once()
+		{
+			Publish("city", Now, City(Now));
+			Publish("asn", Now, Asn(Now));
+
+			Assert.Equal(2, await _updater.Update(Now, TestContext.Current.CancellationToken));
+
+			Assert.Equal(Now.Date, Built("city").Date);
+			Assert.Equal(Now.Date, Built("asn").Date);
+			Assert.Equal("DB-IP Lite 2026-10", _locator.Source);
+			Assert.Empty(Directory.GetFiles(_directory).Where(f => f.EndsWith(".part") || f.EndsWith(".new")));
+		}
+
+		[Fact]
+		public async Task Early_in_the_month_last_months_database_is_used_and_not_fetched_again()
+		{
+			Publish("city", LastMonth, City(LastMonth));
+			Publish("asn", LastMonth, Asn(LastMonth));
+
+			Assert.Equal(2, await _updater.Update(Now, TestContext.Current.CancellationToken));
+			var asked = _peer.Requests.Count;
+			Assert.Equal(0, await _updater.Update(Now, TestContext.Current.CancellationToken));
+
+			Assert.Equal(LastMonth.Date, Built("city").Date);
+			Assert.DoesNotContain(_peer.Requests.Skip(asked), r => r.Path.Contains("2026-09"));
+		}
+
+		[Fact]
+		public async Task A_current_database_asks_nothing()
+		{
+			Publish("city", Now, City(Now));
+			Publish("asn", Now, Asn(Now));
+			await _updater.Update(Now, TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+			var asked = _peer.Requests.Count;
+
+			Assert.Equal(0, await _updater.Update(Now.AddDays(1), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken));
+
+			Assert.Equal(asked, _peer.Requests.Count);
+		}
+
+		[Fact]
+		public async Task A_broken_or_wrong_database_is_refused_and_the_old_one_kept()
+		{
+			Publish("city", LastMonth, City(LastMonth));
+			Publish("asn", LastMonth, Asn(LastMonth));
+			await _updater.Update(LastMonth.AddDays(1), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+			Publish("city", Now, "not a database at all"u8.ToArray());
+			Publish("asn", Now, City(Now));
+
+			Assert.Equal(0, await _updater.Update(Now, TestContext.Current.CancellationToken));
+
+			Assert.Equal(LastMonth.Date, Built("city").Date);
+			Assert.Equal(LastMonth.Date, Built("asn").Date);
+			Assert.Empty(Directory.GetFiles(_directory).Where(f => f.EndsWith(".part") || f.EndsWith(".new")));
+		}
+	}
+}

PrivaPub.Tests/Support/Host/Accounts.cs

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Tests.Support.Host
 		public static async Task<Root> Admin(this PrivaPubHost host)
 		{
 			var root = await host.SignUp("admin");
-			Assert.Equal(0, await AdminCommands.Run(new[] { "promote", root.UserName }));
+			Assert.Equal(0, await AdminCommands.Run(new[] { "promote", root.UserName }, host.Services));
 			return await host.LogIn(root);
 		}
 

PrivaPub.Tests/Support/Host/PrivaPubHost.cs

@@ -73,6 +73,8 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Tests.Support.Host
 			["Federation:AllowPrivateNetworks"] = "true",
 			["Federation:AllowPlainHttp"] = "true",
 			["Federation:FetchLinkPreviews"] = "false",
+			["Registrations:Mode"] = "Open",
+			["Statistics:Geo:AutoUpdate"] = "false",
 			["Media:Root"] = _mediaRoot,
 			["Logging:LogLevel:Default"] = "Warning",
 			["Serilog:MinimumLevel:Default"] = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("PRIVAPUB_TEST_LOGS") == "1" ? "Information" : "Fatal"

PrivaPub.Tests/Support/MiniMmdb.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace PrivaPub.Tests.Support
+{
+	// The smallest MaxMind DB the reader accepts (https://maxmind.github.io/MaxMind-DB/): an IPv4 search tree of one node
+	// whose two records both mean "no data", an empty data section, and the metadata map, which is all a test of the updater
+	// needs to tell a city database from an ASN one and to read its build date.
+	public static class MiniMmdb
+	{
+		public static byte[] Build(string databaseType, DateTime built)
+		{
+			using var output = new MemoryStream();
+			const uint nodeCount = 1;
+			for (var record = 0; record < 2; record++)
+				output.Write(new byte[] { 0, 0, (byte)nodeCount });//24-bit records equal to node_count: not found
+			output.Write(new byte[16]);//data section separator; the data section itself is empty
+			output.Write(new byte[] { 0xAB, 0xCD, 0xEF });
+			output.Write(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes("MaxMind.com"));
+			Map(output,
+				("binary_format_major_version", w => UInt16(w, 2)),
+				("binary_format_minor_version", w => UInt16(w, 0)),
+				("build_epoch", w => UInt64(w, (ulong)new DateTimeOffset(built).ToUnixTimeSeconds())),
+				("database_type", w => Text(w, databaseType)),
+				("description", w => Map(w, ("en", x => Text(x, "a test database")))),
+				("ip_version", w => UInt16(w, 4)),
+				("languages", w => Array(w, x => Text(x, "en"))),
+				("node_count", w => UInt32(w, nodeCount)),
+				("record_size", w => UInt16(w, 24)));
+			return output.ToArray();
+		}
+
+		// type in the top three bits (0 and an extra byte for the extended types), size below 29 in the low five, or 29 and the
+		// rest in one more byte (names longer than 28 characters need it)
+		static void Control(Stream output, int type, int size)
+		{
+			var low = size < 29 ? size : 29;
+			output.WriteByte((byte)((type <= 7 ? type : 0) << 5 | low));
+			if (type > 7)
+				output.WriteByte((byte)(type - 7));
+			if (size >= 29)
+				output.WriteByte((byte)(size - 29));
+		}
+
+		static void Text(Stream output, string value)
+		{
+			var bytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(value);
+			Control(output, 2, bytes.Length);
+			output.Write(bytes);
+		}
+
+		static void Unsigned(Stream output, int type, ulong value)
+		{
+			var bytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(value).Reverse().SkipWhile(b => b == 0).ToArray();
+			Control(output, type, bytes.Length);
+			output.Write(bytes);
+		}
+
+		static void UInt16(Stream output, ushort value) => Unsigned(output, 5, value);
+		static void UInt32(Stream output, uint value) => Unsigned(output, 6, value);
+		static void UInt64(Stream output, ulong value) => Unsigned(output, 9, value);
+
+		static void Map(Stream output, params (string Key, Action<Stream> Value)[] entries)
+		{
+			Control(output, 7, entries.Length);
+			foreach (var (key, value) in entries)
+			{
+				Text(output, key);
+				value(output);
+			}
+		}
+
+		static void Array(Stream output, params Action<Stream>[] items)
+		{
+			Control(output, 11, items.Length);
+			foreach (var item in items)
+				item(output);
+		}
+	}
+}

PrivaPub/Api/Mastodon/Controllers/InstanceController.cs

@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;
 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
 
 using MongoDB.Entities;
 
 using PrivaPub.Api.Mastodon.Infrastructure;
 using PrivaPub.Domain.Privacy;
 using PrivaPub.Federation.Actors;
+using PrivaPub.Infrastructure;
 using PrivaPub.Models.User;
 
 using PostEntity = PrivaPub.Models.Post.Post;
@@ -18,12 +20,16 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Api.Mastodon.Controllers
 		const string Description = "A small ActivityPub server where one private login keeps several unlinkable public personas.";
 
 		readonly ILocalActorService _localActors;
+		readonly IOptionsMonitor<RegistrationOptions> _registrations;
 
-		public InstanceController(ILocalActorService localActors)
+		public InstanceController(ILocalActorService localActors, IOptionsMonitor<RegistrationOptions> registrations)
 		{
 			_localActors = localActors;
+			_registrations = registrations;
 		}
 
+		bool Open => _registrations.CurrentValue.IsOpen;
+
 		string Domain => new Uri(_localActors.BaseAddress).Authority;
 
 		static object Statuses => new { max_characters = 5000, max_media_attachments = 4, characters_reserved_per_url = 23 };
@@ -58,9 +64,9 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Api.Mastodon.Controllers
 				stats = new { user_count = users, status_count = statuses, domain_count = domains },
 				thumbnail = $"{_localActors.BaseAddress}/media/missing-header.png",
 				languages = new[] { "en" },
-				registrations = false,
+				registrations = Open,
 				approval_required = false,
-				invites_enabled = false,
+				invites_enabled = true,//a group invitation always creates an account
 				configuration = new { accounts = new { max_featured_tags = 0 }, statuses = Statuses, media_attachments = MediaAttachments, polls = Polls },
 				contact_account = default(object),
 				rules = Array.Empty<object>()
@@ -88,7 +94,7 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Api.Mastodon.Controllers
 				polls = Polls,
 				translation = new { enabled = false }
 			},
-			registrations = new { enabled = false, approval_required = false, message = default(string) },
+			registrations = new { enabled = Open, approval_required = false, message = Open ? default : RegistrationOptions.ClosedMessage },
 			contact = new { email = string.Empty, account = default(object) },
 			rules = Array.Empty<object>()
 		});

PrivaPub/Api/Mastodon/Controllers/StatusesController.cs

@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Api.Mastodon.Controllers
 			await DB.Default.Update<PostEntity>().MatchID(post.ID).Modify(p => p.LocalQuotePolicy, policy).ExecuteAsync(token);
 			post.LocalQuotePolicy = policy;
 			if (!post.IsLocalOnly)
-				await _outbox.Publish(Me, post, ActivityPubRenderer.UpdateOf(post, Me, $"policy-{DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks}"), token);
+				await _outbox.PublishUpdate(Me, post, $"policy-{DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks}", token);
 			return Json(await _mapper.Status(post, MyId, token));
 		}
 

PrivaPub/Api/Mastodon/Mappers/MastodonMapper.cs

@@ -202,8 +202,8 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Api.Mastodon.Mappers
 
 			Status Map(PostEntity post)
 			{
-				if (!accounts.TryGetValue(AuthorOf(post), out var account))
-					return default;
+				if (AuthorOf(post) is not { } author || !accounts.TryGetValue(author, out var account))
+					return default;//a post whose author we cannot show is left out, never a 500
 				var status = new Status
 				{
 					Id = post.ID,

PrivaPub/Controllers/ClientToServer/RootUserController.cs

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Controllers.ClientToServer
 		readonly ILocalActorService LocalActors;
 		readonly AuthTokenManager AuthTokenManager;
 		readonly IOptionsMonitor<AppConfiguration> AppConfiguration;
+		readonly IOptionsMonitor<RegistrationOptions> Registrations;
 		readonly ILogger<RootUserController> Logger;
 		readonly IStringLocalizer Localizer;
 
@@ -43,9 +44,11 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Controllers.ClientToServer
 				ILocalActorService localActors,
 				AuthTokenManager authTokenManager,
 				IOptionsMonitor<AppConfiguration> appConfiguration,
+				IOptionsMonitor<RegistrationOptions> registrations,
 				IStringLocalizer<GenericRes> localizer,
 				ILogger<RootUserController> logger)
 		{
+			Registrations = registrations;
 			UsersService = usersService;
 			GroupUsersService = groupUsersService;
 			AvatarUsersService = avatarUsersService;
@@ -63,6 +66,8 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Controllers.ClientToServer
 		{
 			if (User.Identity?.IsAuthenticated ?? false) return Redirect("/");
 			var result = new WebResult();
+			if (!Registrations.CurrentValue.IsOpen)
+				return StatusCode(StatusCodes.Status403Forbidden, result.Invalidate(Localizer[RegistrationOptions.ClosedMessage], StatusCodes.Status403Forbidden));
 			if (!ModelState.IsValid)
 				return BadRequest(result.Invalidate(Localizer["Invalid model."]));
 			try
@@ -356,7 +361,7 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Controllers.ClientToServer
 				if (!result.IsValid)
 					return StatusCode(result.StatusCode, result);
 
-				return Ok(result);
+				return Ok(result.Data);//the same sentence for everyone
 			}
 			catch (Exception ex)
 			{
@@ -409,26 +414,23 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Controllers.ClientToServer
 			}
 		}
 
-		//[HttpDelete, Route("delete"), Authorize(Policy = Policies.IsUser)]
-		//public async Task<IActionResult> RemoveSelf()
-		//{
-		//	var result = new WebResult();
-		//	try
-		//	{
-		//		//result = await UsersService.RemoveUserAsync(User.GetUserId());
-		//		if (!result.IsValid)
-		//			return StatusCode(result.StatusCode, result);
-
-		//		await HttpContext.SignOutAsync();
-
-		//		return Ok();
-		//	}
-		//	catch (Exception ex)
-		//	{
-		//		Logger.LogError(ex, $"{nameof(User)}.{nameof(RemoveSelf)}()");
-		//		return BadRequest(result.Invalidate(Localizer["Something went wrong."]));
-		//	}
-		//}
+		[HttpPost, Route("/clientapi/user/delete"), EnableRateLimiting(RateLimiting.Accounts), Authorize(Policy = Policies.IsUser)]
+		public async Task<IActionResult> RemoveSelf(RemoveSelfForm form)
+		{
+			var result = new WebResult();
+			if (!ModelState.IsValid)
+				return BadRequest(result.Invalidate(Localizer["Invalid model."]));
+			try
+			{
+				result = await UsersService.RemoveSelfAsync(User.GetUserId(), form.Password);
+				return result.IsValid ? Ok() : StatusCode(result.StatusCode, result);
+			}
+			catch (Exception ex)
+			{
+				Logger.LogError(ex, $"{nameof(User)}.{nameof(RemoveSelf)}()");
+				return BadRequest(result.Invalidate(Localizer["Something went wrong."]));
+			}
+		}
 
 		#endregion User endpoints
 

PrivaPub/Domain/Statuses/PollService.cs

@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Domain.Statuses
 				return JobOutcome.Done;
 			await Closing(post, author, token);
 			if (!post.IsLocalOnly)
-				await _outbox.Publish(author, post, ActivityPubRenderer.UpdateOf(post, author, $"poll-{DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks}"), token);
+				await _outbox.PublishUpdate(author, post, $"poll-{DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks}", token);
 			return JobOutcome.Done;
 		}
 

PrivaPub/Domain/Statuses/QuoteService.cs

@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Domain.Statuses
 				.ExecuteAsync(token);
 			await DB.Default.Update<PostEntity>().MatchID(quoted.ID).Modify(b => b.Inc(p => p.QuotesCount, 1)).ExecuteAsync(token);
 			if (!post.IsLocalOnly)
-				await _outbox.Publish(author, post, ActivityPubRenderer.UpdateOf(post, author, "quote-approved"), token);
+				await _outbox.PublishUpdate(author, post, "quote-approved", token);
 			return true;
 		}
 

PrivaPub/Domain/Statuses/StatusService.cs

@@ -119,6 +119,11 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Domain.Statuses
 				return StatusOutcome.Fail(StatusCodes.Status404NotFound, "Record not found");
 			if (parent != default && !await VisibilityPolicy.CanSee(parent, author.Id, token))
 				return StatusOutcome.Fail(StatusCodes.Status404NotFound, "Record not found");
+			// a reply in a circle stays in the circle, whichever client wrote it: Mastodon clients know nothing of groups
+			if (group == default && parent is { Visibility: PostVisibility.Circle } && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(parent.GroupId)
+				&& await _dbEntities.Groups.MatchID(parent.GroupId).ExecuteFirstAsync(token) is { DeletionAt: null } parentCircle
+				&& await MayPost(parentCircle, author, token))
+				group = _localActors.FromGroup(parentCircle);
 
 			PostEntity quoted = default;
 			var quotePermission = QuotePermission.Denied;
@@ -161,6 +166,9 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Domain.Statuses
 			var visibility = located ? PostVisibility.LocalGeo
 				: group is { IsCircle: true } ? PostVisibility.Circle
 				: draft.Visibility is PostVisibility.Circle or PostVisibility.LocalGeo ? PostVisibility.Public : draft.Visibility;
+			// asking a quoted post's author for permission would show them the circle post
+			if (visibility == PostVisibility.Circle && quoted != default && quotePermission != QuotePermission.Granted)
+				return StatusOutcome.Fail(StatusCodes.Status422UnprocessableEntity, "Validation failed: A circle post can only quote a post that needs no permission");
 			var post = new PostEntity
 			{
 				GroupUserId = author.Id,
@@ -340,7 +348,7 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Domain.Statuses
 			{
 				var delete = ActivityPubRenderer.Delete(author, post.ObjectURI, $"delete-{post.ID}",
 					new JsonArray(post.To.Select(t => (JsonNode)t).ToArray()), new JsonArray(post.Cc.Select(c => (JsonNode)c).ToArray()));
-				await _delivery.Enqueue(author, audience, delete, token);
+				await _outbox.Publish(author, post, delete, token);//the post in hand still has its group and mentions
 				var group = string.IsNullOrEmpty(post.GroupId) ? default : await _localActors.FindById(LocalActorKind.Group, post.GroupId, token);
 				if (group is { IsCircle: false })
 					await _groups.Announce(group, delete, post.ObjectURI, isNewPost: false, token);

PrivaPub/Federation/Actors/LocalActorService.cs

@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Federation.Actors
 	{
 		string BaseAddress { get; }
 		Task<LocalActor> FindByUserName(string userName, CancellationToken token);
+		Task<GoneActor> Gone(string userName, CancellationToken token);
 		Task<LocalActor> FindById(LocalActorKind kind, string id, CancellationToken token);
 		Task<LocalActor> FindByUri(string actorUri, CancellationToken token);
 		Task<LocalActor> GetInstanceActor(CancellationToken token);
@@ -71,6 +72,9 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Federation.Actors
 		LocalActor FromGroup(GroupEntity group);
 	}
 
+	// a persona or group that was deleted: its name stays reserved, and its documents answer 410 with this
+	public sealed record GoneActor(string Uri, string FormerType, DateTime DeletedAt);
+
 	public class LocalActorService : ILocalActorService
 	{
 		public const string InstanceUserName = "privapub";
@@ -113,6 +117,18 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Federation.Actors
 			return group == default ? default : FromGroup(group);
 		}
 
+		public async Task<GoneActor> Gone(string userName, CancellationToken token)
+		{
+			if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(userName))
+				return default;
+			userName = userName.ToLowerInvariant();
+			var avatar = await _dbEntities.Avatars.Match(a => a.UserName == userName && a.DeletionAt.HasValue).ExecuteFirstAsync(token);
+			if (avatar != default)
+				return new GoneActor($"{BaseAddress}/peasants/{avatar.UserName}", "Person", avatar.DeletionAt.Value);
+			var group = await _dbEntities.Groups.Match(g => g.UserName == userName && g.DeletionAt.HasValue).ExecuteFirstAsync(token);
+			return group == default ? default : new GoneActor($"{BaseAddress}/peasants/{group.UserName}", "Group", group.DeletionAt.Value);
+		}
+
 		public async Task<LocalActor> FindById(LocalActorKind kind, string id, CancellationToken token)
 		{
 			switch (kind)

PrivaPub/Federation/Controllers/PeasantsController.cs

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ using PrivaPub.Domain.Privacy;
 using PrivaPub.Federation.Actors;
 using PrivaPub.Federation.Rendering;
 using PrivaPub.Federation.Inbox;
+using PrivaPub.Federation.Outbox;
 using PrivaPub.Federation.Signing;
 using PrivaPub.Infrastructure.Http;
 using PrivaPub.Models.Group;
@@ -52,6 +53,20 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Federation.Controllers
 		public async Task<IActionResult> GetActor(string actor, CancellationToken token)
 		{
 			var local = await _localActors.FindByUserName(actor, token);
+			if (local == default && await _localActors.Gone(actor, token) is { } gone)
+				return new ContentResult
+				{
+					Content = new JsonObject
+					{
+						["@context"] = ActivityPubRenderer.ActivityStreams,
+						["id"] = gone.Uri,
+						["type"] = "Tombstone",
+						["formerType"] = gone.FormerType,
+						["deleted"] = ActivityPubRenderer.Timestamp(gone.DeletedAt)
+					}.ToJsonString(),
+					ContentType = ActivityContentType,
+					StatusCode = StatusCodes.Status410Gone
+				};
 			if (local is not { IsFederated: true })
 				return NotFound();
 			if (WantsHtml() && local.Kind != LocalActorKind.Application)
@@ -185,11 +200,13 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Federation.Controllers
 		public async Task<IActionResult> Post(string actor, string postId, CancellationToken token)
 		{
 			var (local, post) = await PublicPost(actor, postId, token);
-			if (post == default && await CirclePost(actor, postId, token) is { } circlePost)
+			if (post == default && await SignedPost(actor, postId, token) is { } signed)
 			{
-				var circleNote = ActivityPubRenderer.Note(circlePost.Post, circlePost.Author, circlePost.Circle, circlePost.Post.InReplyToURI);
-				circleNote["@context"] = ActivityPubRenderer.Context();
-				return Activity(circleNote);
+				if (signed.Post.DeletedAt.HasValue)
+					return TombstoneOf(signed.Author, signed.Post);
+				var signedNote = (JsonObject)signed.Note.DeepClone();
+				signedNote["@context"] = ActivityPubRenderer.Context();
+				return Activity(signedNote);
 			}
 			if (post == default)
 				return await Tombstone(actor, postId, token) ?? NotFound();
@@ -243,13 +260,44 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Federation.Controllers
 			if (!activityId.StartsWith("create-", StringComparison.Ordinal))
 				return NotFound();
 			var (local, post) = await PublicPost(actor, activityId["create-".Length..], token);
-			return post == default ? NotFound() : Activity(await CreateFor(post, local, token));
+			if (post != default)
+				return Activity(await CreateFor(post, local, token));
+			return await SignedPost(actor, activityId["create-".Length..], token) is { Post.DeletedAt: null } signed
+				? Activity(ActivityPubRenderer.Create(signed.Author, (JsonObject)signed.Note.DeepClone(), activityId))
+				: NotFound();
+		}
+
+		// A DM's `context`: the conversation's posts, for its participants (or their servers' instance actors) only.
+		[HttpGet, Route("{actor}/whispers/{conversationId}")]
+		public async Task<IActionResult> Whispers(string actor, string conversationId, CancellationToken token)
+		{
+			var local = await _localActors.FindByUserName(actor, token);
+			if (local is not { IsFederated: true, Kind: LocalActorKind.Person })
+				return NotFound();
+			var uri = local.ConversationUri(conversationId);
+			var conversation = await _dbEntities.DmGroups.Match(g => g.ID == conversationId && g.ConversationURI == uri && !g.DeletionAt.HasValue).ExecuteFirstAsync(token);
+			if (conversation == default || !SignedFetchAuthorizer.MayReadConversation(conversation, await _fetches.Requester(Request, token)))
+				return NotFound();
+			var posts = await _dbEntities.Posts
+				.Match(p => p.ConversationId == conversationId && p.Visibility == PostVisibility.Direct && !p.DeletedAt.HasValue)
+				.Sort(p => p.CreationDate, Order.Ascending)
+				.ExecuteAsync(token);
+			return Activity(new JsonObject
+			{
+				["@context"] = ActivityPubRenderer.ActivityStreams,
+				["id"] = uri,
+				["type"] = "OrderedCollection",
+				["totalItems"] = posts.Count,
+				["orderedItems"] = new JsonArray(posts.Select(p => (JsonNode)p.ObjectURI).ToArray())
+			});
 		}
 
 		[HttpPost, Route("{actor}/mouth"), EnableRateLimiting(RateLimiting.Inbox)]
 		public async Task<IActionResult> Inbox(string actor, CancellationToken token)
 		{
 			var local = await _localActors.FindByUserName(actor, token);
+			if (local == default && await _localActors.Gone(actor, token) != default)
+				return StatusCode(StatusCodes.Status410Gone);
 			if (local is not { IsFederated: true })
 				return Answer(_inbox.NoSuchRecipient(Request));
 			return Answer(await _inbox.Receive(Request, local, token));
@@ -275,18 +323,37 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Federation.Controllers
 			return (local, post);
 		}
 
-		async Task<(LocalActor Author, LocalActor Circle, PostEntity Post)?> CirclePost(string actor, string postId, CancellationToken token)
+		// A followers-only, direct or circle post (deleted ones included), for a signed request from someone it was for
+		// (SignedFetchAuthorizer.MayRead). It is rendered as it was delivered: a circle post also names, in cc, the requesting
+		// member, or the members on the requesting instance actor's server.
+		async Task<(LocalActor Author, PostEntity Post, JsonObject Note)?> SignedPost(string actor, string postId, CancellationToken token)
 		{
 			var local = await _localActors.FindByUserName(actor, token);
-			if (local is not { Kind: LocalActorKind.Person })
+			if (local is not { IsFederated: true, Kind: LocalActorKind.Person })
 				return default;
 			var post = await _dbEntities.Posts
-				.Match(p => p.ID == postId && p.GroupUserId == local.Id && !p.IsFederatedCopy && !p.DeletedAt.HasValue && p.Visibility == PostVisibility.Circle)
+				.Match(p => p.ID == postId && p.GroupUserId == local.Id && !p.IsFederatedCopy && p.ReblogOfPostId == null
+					&& (p.Visibility == PostVisibility.FollowersOnly || p.Visibility == PostVisibility.Direct || p.Visibility == PostVisibility.Circle))
 				.ExecuteFirstAsync(token);
-			var circle = post == default ? default : await _dbEntities.Groups.MatchID(post.GroupId).ExecuteFirstAsync(token);
-			if (circle == default || !SignedFetchAuthorizer.MayReadCircle(circle, await _fetches.Requester(Request, token)))
+			if (post == default)
 				return default;
-			return (local, _localActors.FromGroup(circle), post);
+			var requester = await _fetches.Requester(Request, token);
+			if (!await _fetches.MayRead(post, requester, token))
+				return default;
+			if (post.Visibility == PostVisibility.Circle)
+			{
+				var circle = await _dbEntities.Groups.MatchID(post.GroupId).ExecuteFirstAsync(token);
+				var note = ActivityPubRenderer.Note(post, local, _localActors.FromGroup(circle), post.InReplyToURI);
+				var readers = SignedFetchAuthorizer.CircleReaders(circle, requester);
+				var named = readers.Count == 0 ? new List<Models.User.ForeignAvatar>() : await _dbEntities.ForeignAvatars.Match(a => readers.Contains(a.ActorURI)).ExecuteAsync(token);
+				return (local, post, OutboxPublisher.Naming(note, named));
+			}
+			var rendered = post.Visibility == PostVisibility.Direct
+				? ActivityPubRenderer.DirectNote(post, local, Array.Empty<(string, string)>(), post.ContextURI)
+				: ActivityPubRenderer.Note(post, local, default, post.InReplyToURI);
+			rendered["to"] = new JsonArray(post.To.Select(t => (JsonNode)t).ToArray());
+			rendered["cc"] = new JsonArray(post.Cc.Select(c => (JsonNode)c).ToArray());
+			return (local, post, rendered);
 		}
 
 		async Task<IActionResult> Tombstone(string actor, string postId, CancellationToken token)
@@ -298,8 +365,11 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Federation.Controllers
 				.Match(p => p.ID == postId && p.GroupUserId == local.Id && !p.IsFederatedCopy && p.DeletedAt.HasValue
 					&& (p.Visibility == PostVisibility.Public || p.Visibility == PostVisibility.Unlisted))
 				.ExecuteFirstAsync(token);
-			if (deleted == default)
-				return default;
+			return deleted == default ? default : TombstoneOf(local, deleted);
+		}
+
+		ContentResult TombstoneOf(LocalActor local, PostEntity deleted)
+		{
 			var tombstone = new JsonObject
 			{
 				["@context"] = ActivityPubRenderer.ActivityStreams,
@@ -349,7 +419,9 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Federation.Controllers
 		{
 			if (HttpMethods.IsGet(Request.Method))
 				Response.Headers.Vary = "Accept";
-			if (_federation.CurrentValue.SecureMode && HttpMethods.IsGet(Request.Method)
+			// SecureMode asks every reader of ActivityPub documents for a signature, except for the instance actor, whose key
+			// peers need first, and except for browsers, which only get redirected to the public pages
+			if (_federation.CurrentValue.SecureMode && HttpMethods.IsGet(Request.Method) && !WantsHtml()
 				&& !string.Equals(context.RouteData.Values["actor"] as string, LocalActorService.InstanceUserName, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
 				&& await _fetches.Requester(Request, HttpContext.RequestAborted) == default)
 			{

PrivaPub/Federation/Controllers/WellKnownController.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
 
 using MongoDB.Entities;
 
@@ -12,6 +13,7 @@ using System.Text.Json.Nodes;
 using PostEntity = PrivaPub.Models.Post.Post;
 using PrivaPub.Domain.Privacy;
 using PrivaPub.Federation.Actors;
+using PrivaPub.Infrastructure;
 
 namespace PrivaPub.Federation.Controllers
 {
@@ -20,9 +22,11 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Federation.Controllers
 	{
 		readonly ILocalActorService _localActors;
 		readonly DbEntities _dbEntities;
+		readonly IOptionsMonitor<RegistrationOptions> _registrations;
 
-		public WellKnownController(ILocalActorService localActors, DbEntities dbEntities)
+		public WellKnownController(ILocalActorService localActors, DbEntities dbEntities, IOptionsMonitor<RegistrationOptions> registrations)
 		{
+			_registrations = registrations;
 			_localActors = localActors;
 			_dbEntities = dbEntities;
 		}
@@ -45,6 +49,8 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Federation.Controllers
 				if (parts.Length != 2 || !parts[1].Equals(domain, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
 					return NotFound();
 				actor = await _localActors.FindByUserName(parts[0], token);
+				if (actor == default && await _localActors.Gone(parts[0], token) != default)
+					return StatusCode(StatusCodes.Status410Gone);
 			}
 			else
 				actor = await _localActors.FindByUri(resource, token);
@@ -102,7 +108,7 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Federation.Controllers
 				["software"] = software,
 				["protocols"] = new JsonArray("activitypub"),
 				["services"] = new JsonObject { ["inbound"] = new JsonArray(), ["outbound"] = new JsonArray() },
-				["openRegistrations"] = true,
+				["openRegistrations"] = _registrations.CurrentValue.IsOpen,
 				["usage"] = new JsonObject
 				{
 					["users"] = new JsonObject { ["total"] = users },

PrivaPub/Federation/Outbox/OutboxPublisher.cs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ using PrivaPub.Federation.Actors;
 using PrivaPub.Federation.Rendering;
 using PrivaPub.Models.Federation;
 using PrivaPub.Models.Post;
+using PrivaPub.Models.User;
 using PrivaPub.StaticServices;
 
 using System.Text.Json.Nodes;
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Federation.Outbox
 	{
 		Task<IReadOnlyList<string>> Audience(LocalActor author, PostEntity post, CancellationToken token);
 		Task Publish(LocalActor author, PostEntity post, JsonObject activity, CancellationToken token);
+		Task PublishUpdate(LocalActor author, PostEntity post, string reason, CancellationToken token);
 		Task PublishProfile(LocalActor actor, CancellationToken token);
 	}
 
@@ -73,25 +75,79 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Federation.Outbox
 			return inboxes.Where(i => !string.IsNullOrEmpty(i)).Distinct(StringComparer.Ordinal).ToList();
 		}
 
-		async Task<IReadOnlyList<string>> CircleMembers(string groupId, CancellationToken token)
+		async Task<IReadOnlyList<string>> CircleMembers(string groupId, CancellationToken token) =>
+			(await CircleRecipients(groupId, token)).Select(r => r.InboxURL).Distinct(StringComparer.Ordinal).ToList();
+
+		async Task<IReadOnlyList<ForeignAvatar>> CircleRecipients(string groupId, CancellationToken token)
 		{
 			var circle = string.IsNullOrEmpty(groupId) ? default : await _dbEntities.Groups.MatchID(groupId).ExecuteFirstAsync(token);
 			if (circle == default)
-				return Array.Empty<string>();
+				return Array.Empty<ForeignAvatar>();
 			var remote = circle.Members.Where(m => m.IsForeign).Select(m => m.AvatarId).ToList();
 			if (remote.Count == 0)
-				return Array.Empty<string>();
+				return Array.Empty<ForeignAvatar>();
 			return (await _dbEntities.ForeignAvatars.Match(a => remote.Contains(a.ActorURI)).ExecuteAsync(token))
-				.Select(a => a.InboxURL).Where(i => !string.IsNullOrEmpty(i)).Distinct(StringComparer.Ordinal).ToList();
+				.Where(a => !string.IsNullOrEmpty(a.InboxURL))
+				.ToList();
 		}
 
 		public async Task Publish(LocalActor author, PostEntity post, JsonObject activity, CancellationToken token)
 		{
+			if (post.Visibility == PostVisibility.Circle)
+			{
+				foreach (var member in await CircleRecipients(post.GroupId, token))
+					await _delivery.Enqueue(author, new[] { member.InboxURL }, Naming(activity, new[] { member }), token);
+				return;
+			}
 			var inboxes = await Audience(author, post, token);
 			if (inboxes.Count > 0)
 				await _delivery.Enqueue(author, inboxes, activity, token);
 		}
 
+		public async Task PublishUpdate(LocalActor author, PostEntity post, string reason, CancellationToken token)
+		{
+			var group = string.IsNullOrEmpty(post.GroupId) ? default : await _localActors.FindById(LocalActorKind.Group, post.GroupId, token);
+			await Publish(author, post, ActivityPubRenderer.UpdateOf(post, author, group, reason), token);
+		}
+
+		// Mastodon keeps a post only when it names one of its own accounts, and GoToSocial shows a post that is neither
+		// public nor for followers only to the accounts it mentions; a circle post names only the circle. So each member's
+		// copy, or a member's refetch, also names that member in cc and mentions them, silently, in its tags (owner decision
+		// 2026-10-04): it tells each member nothing but that they are in the circle.
+		public static JsonObject Naming(JsonObject activityOrObject, IEnumerable<ForeignAvatar> members)
+		{
+			var named = members.ToList();
+			var copy = (JsonObject)activityOrObject.DeepClone();
+			if (copy["object"] is JsonObject inner)
+			{
+				Name(copy, named, mention: false);
+				if (inner.ContainsKey("to"))
+					Name(inner, named, mention: true);
+			}
+			else
+				Name(copy, named, mention: copy.ContainsKey("attributedTo"));
+			return copy;
+		}
+
+		static void Name(JsonObject node, IReadOnlyList<ForeignAvatar> members, bool mention)
+		{
+			var cc = node["cc"] as JsonArray ?? new JsonArray();
+			var tags = node["tag"] as JsonArray ?? new JsonArray();
+			foreach (var member in members)
+			{
+				if (!cc.Any(c => c?.GetValue<string>() == member.ActorURI))
+					cc.Add(member.ActorURI);
+				if (mention && !tags.Any(t => t?["href"]?.GetValue<string>() == member.ActorURI))
+					tags.Add(new JsonObject { ["type"] = "Mention", ["href"] = member.ActorURI, ["name"] = Handle(member) });
+			}
+			node["cc"] = cc;
+			if (mention)
+				node["tag"] = tags;
+		}
+
+		static string Handle(ForeignAvatar member) =>
+			string.IsNullOrEmpty(member.UserName) ? member.ActorURI : $"@{member.UserName}@{new Uri(member.ActorURI).Authority}";
+
 		public async Task PublishProfile(LocalActor actor, CancellationToken token)
 		{
 			var document = ActivityPubRenderer.Actor(actor);

PrivaPub/Federation/Rendering/ActivityPubRenderer.cs

@@ -178,11 +178,11 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Federation.Rendering
 			return note;
 		}
 
-		public static JsonObject UpdateOf(PostEntity post, LocalActor author, string reason)
+		public static JsonObject UpdateOf(PostEntity post, LocalActor author, LocalActor group, string reason)
 		{
 			var note = post.Visibility == PostVisibility.Direct
 				? DirectNote(post, author, Array.Empty<(string, string)>(), post.ContextURI)
-				: Note(post, author, default, post.InReplyToURI);
+				: Note(post, author, group, post.InReplyToURI);
 			note["to"] = new JsonArray(post.To.Select(t => (JsonNode)t).ToArray());
 			note["cc"] = new JsonArray(post.Cc.Select(c => (JsonNode)c).ToArray());
 			return new JsonObject

PrivaPub/Federation/Signing/SignedFetchAuthorizer.cs

@@ -1,23 +1,34 @@
 using PrivaPub.Federation.Actors;
 using PrivaPub.Federation.Objects;
+using PrivaPub.Models.Federation;
+using PrivaPub.Models.Post;
 using PrivaPub.Models.User;
+using PrivaPub.StaticServices;
 
 using GroupEntity = PrivaPub.Models.Group.Group;
+using PostEntity = PrivaPub.Models.Post.Post;
 
 namespace PrivaPub.Federation.Signing
 {
 	public interface ISignedFetchAuthorizer
 	{
 		Task<ForeignAvatar> Requester(HttpRequest request, CancellationToken token);
+		Task<bool> MayRead(PostEntity post, ForeignAvatar requester, CancellationToken token);
 	}
 
+	// Who may refetch a post that is not public (owner decision 2026-10-04). A server that received a followers-only post,
+	// a DM or a circle post refetches it, signed by the account it was for or by its instance actor, and Mastodon deletes its
+	// copy when the refetch answers 404. So the post is served to a signed request from someone it was for, or from the
+	// instance actor of a server where someone it was for lives; everyone else still gets 404.
 	public class SignedFetchAuthorizer : ISignedFetchAuthorizer
 	{
 		readonly IRemoteActorService _remoteActors;
+		readonly DbEntities _dbEntities;
 
-		public SignedFetchAuthorizer(IRemoteActorService remoteActors)
+		public SignedFetchAuthorizer(IRemoteActorService remoteActors, DbEntities dbEntities)
 		{
 			_remoteActors = remoteActors;
+			_dbEntities = dbEntities;
 		}
 
 		public async Task<ForeignAvatar> Requester(HttpRequest request, CancellationToken token)
@@ -33,8 +44,48 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Federation.Signing
 			return actor != default && HttpSignatures.Verify(actor.PublicKey, signingString, parameters.Signature) ? actor : default;
 		}
 
+		public async Task<bool> MayRead(PostEntity post, ForeignAvatar requester, CancellationToken token)
+		{
+			if (post == default || requester == default)
+				return false;
+			switch (post.Visibility)
+			{
+				case PostVisibility.Public or PostVisibility.Unlisted:
+					return true;
+				case PostVisibility.Circle:
+					var circle = string.IsNullOrEmpty(post.GroupId) ? default : await _dbEntities.Groups.MatchID(post.GroupId).ExecuteFirstAsync(token);
+					return circle != default && MayReadCircle(circle, requester);
+				case PostVisibility.Direct:
+					return Addressed(post).Any(uri => Is(requester, uri));
+				case PostVisibility.FollowersOnly:
+					if (Addressed(post).Any(uri => Is(requester, uri)))
+						return true;
+					var followers = await _dbEntities.Followers
+						.Match(f => f.LocalActorId == post.GroupUserId && f.LocalActorKind == LocalActorKind.Person && f.IsAccepted)
+						.ExecuteAsync(token);
+					return followers.Any(f => Is(requester, f.ActorURI));
+				default:
+					return false;
+			}
+		}
+
+		static IEnumerable<string> Addressed(PostEntity post) =>
+			post.To.Concat(post.Cc).Concat(post.Mentions.Select(m => m.ActorURI)).Where(uri => !string.IsNullOrEmpty(uri));
+
+		// the account itself, or the instance actor of the server it lives on
+		static bool Is(ForeignAvatar requester, string actorUri) =>
+			actorUri == requester.ActorURI || requester.AvatarType == AvatarType.Application && Origin.Same(actorUri, requester.ActorURI);
+
 		public static bool MayReadCircle(GroupEntity circle, ForeignAvatar requester) =>
-			requester != default && circle.Members.Any(m => m.IsForeign
-				&& (m.AvatarId == requester.ActorURI || requester.AvatarType == AvatarType.Application && Origin.Same(m.AvatarId, requester.ActorURI)));
+			requester != default && circle.Members.Any(m => m.IsForeign && Is(requester, m.AvatarId));
+
+		public static bool MayReadConversation(Models.Group.DmGroup conversation, ForeignAvatar requester) =>
+			requester != default && conversation.Members.Any(m => m.IsForeign && Is(requester, m.AvatarId));
+
+		// the members a refetch names in cc: the requesting member, or the members on an instance actor's server
+		public static IReadOnlyList<string> CircleReaders(GroupEntity circle, ForeignAvatar requester) =>
+			requester == default
+				? Array.Empty<string>()
+				: circle.Members.Where(m => m.IsForeign && Is(requester, m.AvatarId)).Select(m => m.AvatarId).ToList();
 	}
 }

PrivaPub/Infrastructure/Cli/AdminCommands.cs

@@ -1,22 +1,49 @@
 using MongoDB.Entities;
 
 using PrivaPub.ClientModels;
+using PrivaPub.ClientModels.User;
+using PrivaPub.ClientModels.User.Avatar;
 using PrivaPub.Models.User;
+using PrivaPub.Services;
+using PrivaPub.Services.ClientToServer.Private;
+using PrivaPub.StaticServices;
+
+using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
+using System.Security.Cryptography;
 
 namespace PrivaPub.Infrastructure.Cli
 {
+	// `PrivaPub admin ...` runs with the whole server built but not started: no Kestrel, no hosted services.
 	public static class AdminCommands
 	{
-		const string Usage = "usage: PrivaPub admin promote|demote <root username>";
+		public const string SmokeLogin = "deploy-smoke";
 
-		public static async Task<int> Run(string[] args)
+		const string Usage = """
+			usage: PrivaPub admin promote|demote <root>
+			       PrivaPub admin create-root <login> [--admin]   the password is read from standard input
+			       PrivaPub admin smoke <persona>                 prints "<login> <password>" for the deploy's signed-in check
+			""";
+
+		public static async Task<int> Run(string[] args, IServiceProvider services, TextReader input = default, TextWriter output = default)
 		{
-			if (args is not [("promote" or "demote") and var verb, var userName])
+			input ??= Console.In;
+			output ??= Console.Out;
+			switch (args)
 			{
-				Console.Error.WriteLine(Usage);
-				return 2;
+				case [("promote" or "demote") and var verb, var userName]:
+					return await Promote(verb == "promote", userName, output);
+				case ["create-root", var login, .. var flags] when flags.All(f => f == "--admin"):
+					return await CreateRoot(services, login, input.ReadLine(), flags.Contains("--admin"), output);
+				case ["smoke", var persona]:
+					return await Smoke(services, persona, output);
+				default:
+					Console.Error.WriteLine(Usage);
+					return 2;
 			}
+		}
 
+		static async Task<int> Promote(bool promote, string userName, TextWriter output)
+		{
 			userName = userName.ToLowerInvariant();
 			var user = await DB.Default.Find<RootUser>().Match(u => u.UserName == userName).ExecuteFirstAsync();
 			if (user == default)
@@ -26,14 +53,94 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Infrastructure.Cli
 			}
 
 			user.Policies.RemoveAll(p => p is Policies.IsAdmin or Policies.IsModerator);
-			if (verb == "promote")
+			if (promote)
 				user.Policies.AddRange(new[] { Policies.IsAdmin, Policies.IsModerator });
 			if (!user.Policies.Contains(Policies.IsUser))
 				user.Policies.Add(Policies.IsUser);
 			user.UpdatedAt = DateTime.UtcNow;
 			await DB.Default.SaveAsync(user);
 
-			Console.WriteLine($"{userName}: {string.Join(", ", user.Policies)}");
+			output.WriteLine($"{userName}: {string.Join(", ", user.Policies)}");
+			return 0;
+		}
+
+		// With sign-up closed this is how the first root is made; group invitations make the rest.
+		static async Task<int> CreateRoot(IServiceProvider services, string login, string password, bool admin, TextWriter output)
+		{
+			var form = new LoginForm { UserName = login, Password = password?.Trim() };
+			var problems = new List<ValidationResult>();
+			if (!Validator.TryValidateObject(form, new ValidationContext(form), problems, validateAllProperties: true))
+			{
+				Console.Error.WriteLine(string.Join(Environment.NewLine, problems.Select(p => p.ErrorMessage)));
+				return 1;
+			}
+			var created = await services.GetRequiredService<IRootUsersService>().SignUpAsync(form);
+			if (!created.IsValid)
+			{
+				Console.Error.WriteLine(created.ErrorMessage);
+				return 1;
+			}
+			return admin ? await Promote(true, login, output) : await Report(login, output);
+		}
+
+		static Task<int> Report(string login, TextWriter output)
+		{
+			output.WriteLine($"{login.ToLowerInvariant()}: created");
+			return Task.FromResult(0);
+		}
+
+		// The deploy's signed-in smoke check: a root nobody signs in to by hand, owning one undiscoverable persona. Every run
+		// sets a new password and prints it, so no secret is kept anywhere and nothing waits on a person.
+		static async Task<int> Smoke(IServiceProvider services, string personaName, TextWriter output)
+		{
+			personaName = personaName.ToLowerInvariant();
+			var password = "Smoke-x" + Convert.ToHexStringLower(RandomNumberGenerator.GetBytes(24));
+			var root = await DB.Default.Find<RootUser>().Match(u => u.UserName == SmokeLogin).ExecuteFirstAsync();
+			if (root == default)
+			{
+				var created = await services.GetRequiredService<IRootUsersService>().SignUpAsync(new LoginForm { UserName = SmokeLogin, Password = password });
+				if (!created.IsValid)
+				{
+					Console.Error.WriteLine(created.ErrorMessage);
+					return 1;
+				}
+				root = await DB.Default.Find<RootUser>().Match(u => u.UserName == SmokeLogin).ExecuteFirstAsync();
+			}
+			else if (root.DeletedAt.HasValue || root.IsBanned)
+			{
+				Console.Error.WriteLine($"the root '{SmokeLogin}' is deleted or banned");
+				return 1;
+			}
+			else
+				await DB.Default.Update<RootUser>().MatchID(root.ID)
+					.Modify(u => u.HashedPassword, services.GetRequiredService<IPasswordHasher>().Hash(password))
+					.Modify(u => u.UpdatedAt, DateTime.UtcNow)
+					.ExecuteAsync();
+
+			var owned = (await DB.Default.Find<RootToAvatar>().Match(ra => ra.RootId == root.ID).ExecuteAsync()).Select(ra => ra.AvatarId).ToList();
+			var persona = await DB.Default.Find<Avatar>().Match(a => owned.Contains(a.ID) && a.UserName == personaName && !a.DeletionAt.HasValue).ExecuteFirstAsync();
+			if (persona == default)
+			{
+				var inserted = await services.GetRequiredService<IPrivateAvatarUsersService>().InsertAvatar(new InsertAvatarForm
+				{
+					RootId = root.ID,
+					UserName = personaName,
+					Name = personaName,
+					Biography = "The deploy signs in here to check that the Mastodon API works for a signed-in persona."
+				});
+				if (!inserted.IsValid)
+				{
+					Console.Error.WriteLine(inserted.ErrorMessage);
+					return 1;
+				}
+				persona = await DB.Default.Find<Avatar>().MatchID(((ViewAvatar)inserted.Data).Id).ExecuteFirstAsync();
+			}
+			await DB.Default.Update<Avatar>().MatchID(persona.ID)
+				.Modify(a => a.Settings.IsDiscoverable, false)
+				.Modify(a => a.Settings.IsIndexable, false)
+				.ExecuteAsync();
+
+			output.WriteLine($"{SmokeLogin} {password}");
 			return 0;
 		}
 	}

PrivaPub/Infrastructure/Data/Migrations/_011_recovery_codes_are_hashed.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+using MongoDB.Entities;
+
+using PrivaPub.Models.User;
+
+namespace PrivaPub.Infrastructure.Data.Migrations
+{
+	// Recovery codes were stored in plain text and never expired; from now on only a hash with a one-hour expiry is kept.
+	// The old codes are dropped: anyone mid-recovery asks again.
+	public class _011_recovery_codes_are_hashed : IMigration
+	{
+		public async Task UpgradeAsync() =>
+			await DB.Default.DeleteAsync<EmailRecovery>(r => r.CodeHash == null);
+	}
+}

PrivaPub/Infrastructure/Geo/GeoLocator.cs

@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Infrastructure.Geo
 
 	public sealed class DbIpLocator : IGeoLocator, IDisposable
 	{
-		public const string CityFile = "dbip-city-lite.mmdb";
-		public const string AsnFile = "dbip-asn-lite.mmdb";
+		public static readonly string CityFile = GeoUpdater.FileOf("city");
+		public static readonly string AsnFile = GeoUpdater.FileOf("asn");
 		static readonly TimeSpan CheckInterval = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(10);
 
 		readonly IOptionsMonitor<StatisticsOptions> _options;
@@ -60,18 +60,17 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Infrastructure.Geo
 			if (address == default || !IpRangeGuard.IsPublic(address))
 				return default;
 			Refresh();
-			Reader city, asn;
-			lock (_lock)
-			{
-				city = _city;
-				asn = _asn;
-			}
-			if (city == default && asn == default)
-				return default;
+			Dictionary<string, object> place, network;
 			try
 			{
-				var place = city?.Find<Dictionary<string, object>>(address);
-				var network = asn?.Find<Dictionary<string, object>>(address);
+				// under the lock, so a reload cannot dispose a reader in the middle of a lookup; lookups are rare
+				lock (_lock)
+				{
+					if (_city == default && _asn == default)
+						return default;
+					place = _city?.Find<Dictionary<string, object>>(address);
+					network = _asn?.Find<Dictionary<string, object>>(address);
+				}
 				var location = Section(place, "location");
 				return new GeoFix(
 					Text(Section(place, "country"), "iso_code"),
@@ -88,6 +87,14 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Infrastructure.Geo
 			}
 		}
 
+		// Looks at the files again now instead of within the next ten minutes: GeoUpdater has just replaced one.
+		public void Reload()
+		{
+			lock (_lock)
+				_checkedAt = DateTime.MinValue;
+			Refresh();
+		}
+
 		void Refresh()
 		{
 			if (DateTime.UtcNow - _checkedAt < CheckInterval)

PrivaPub/Infrastructure/Geo/GeoUpdater.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+using MaxMind.Db;
+
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
+
+using PrivaPub.Infrastructure.Statistics;
+
+using System.IO.Compression;
+using System.Net;
+
+namespace PrivaPub.Infrastructure.Geo
+{
+	// Keeps the DB-IP Lite databases current by itself, so a deploy needs no timer and no root: once a day it checks
+	// whether each database was built this month and, if not, fetches this month's (or, early in the month, last month's),
+	// checks it opens as the right kind of database and swaps it in. This and SMTP are the server's only traffic that is not
+	// federation, which is why it has its own client instead of IFederationHttp.
+	public sealed class GeoUpdater : BackgroundService
+	{
+		public const string ClientName = "geo";
+		static readonly string[] Kinds = { "city", "asn" };
+		static readonly TimeSpan FirstWait = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30);
+		static readonly TimeSpan Interval = TimeSpan.FromHours(24);
+
+		readonly IHttpClientFactory _http;
+		readonly IOptionsMonitor<StatisticsOptions> _options;
+		readonly IGeoLocator _locator;
+		readonly ILogger<GeoUpdater> _logger;
+
+		public GeoUpdater(IHttpClientFactory http, IOptionsMonitor<StatisticsOptions> options, IGeoLocator locator, ILogger<GeoUpdater> logger)
+		{
+			_http = http;
+			_options = options;
+			_locator = locator;
+			_logger = logger;
+		}
+
+		public static string FileOf(string kind) => $"dbip-{kind}-lite.mmdb";
+
+		protected override async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken stoppingToken)
+		{
+			try
+			{
+				await Task.Delay(FirstWait, stoppingToken);
+				while (!stoppingToken.IsCancellationRequested)
+				{
+					if (_options.CurrentValue.Geo.AutoUpdate)
+						await Update(DateTime.UtcNow, stoppingToken);
+					await Task.Delay(Interval + TimeSpan.FromMinutes(Random.Shared.Next(60)), stoppingToken);
+				}
+			}
+			catch (OperationCanceledException) when (stoppingToken.IsCancellationRequested)
+			{
+			}
+		}
+
+		// The number of databases replaced. A failure keeps the database already there and is tried again the next day.
+		public async Task<int> Update(DateTime now, CancellationToken token)
+		{
+			var options = _options.CurrentValue;
+			var replaced = 0;
+			try
+			{
+				Directory.CreateDirectory(options.GeoDirectory);
+			}
+			catch (Exception ex) when (ex is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException)
+			{
+				_logger.LogWarning(ex, "Cannot create {Directory}; servers are not located", options.GeoDirectory);
+				return 0;
+			}
+			foreach (var kind in Kinds)
+			{
+				var path = Path.Combine(options.GeoDirectory, FileOf(kind));
+				var built = BuiltMonth(path);
+				foreach (var month in new[] { Month(now), Month(now).AddMonths(-1) })
+				{
+					if (built >= month)
+						break;
+					try
+					{
+						if (await Install(kind, month, path, options, token))
+						{
+							replaced++;
+							_logger.LogInformation("Installed DB-IP Lite {Kind} {Month:yyyy-MM}", kind, month);
+							break;
+						}
+					}
+					catch (Exception ex) when (ex is HttpRequestException or IOException or InvalidDatabaseException or InvalidDataException
+						or TaskCanceledException && !token.IsCancellationRequested)
+					{
+						_logger.LogWarning(ex, "Could not install DB-IP Lite {Kind} {Month:yyyy-MM}", kind, month);
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			if (replaced > 0 && _locator is DbIpLocator locator)
+				locator.Reload();
+			return replaced;
+		}
+
+		static DateTime Month(DateTime at) => new(at.Year, at.Month, 1, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
+
+		static DateTime BuiltMonth(string path)
+		{
+			if (!File.Exists(path))
+				return DateTime.MinValue;
+			try
+			{
+				using var reader = new Reader(path, FileAccessMode.MemoryMapped);
+				return Month(reader.Metadata.BuildDate);
+			}
+			catch (Exception ex) when (ex is InvalidDatabaseException or IOException)
+			{
+				return DateTime.MinValue;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// False when that month is not published (yet); throws when it is published but cannot be used.
+		async Task<bool> Install(string kind, DateTime month, string path, StatisticsOptions options, CancellationToken token)
+		{
+			var url = $"{options.Geo.DownloadBase.TrimEnd('/')}/dbip-{kind}-lite-{month:yyyy-MM}.mmdb.gz";
+			var packed = path + ".gz.part";
+			var unpacked = path + ".new";
+			try
+			{
+				using (var response = await _http.CreateClient(ClientName).GetAsync(url, HttpCompletionOption.ResponseHeadersRead, token))
+				{
+					if (response.StatusCode == HttpStatusCode.NotFound)
+						return false;
+					response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
+					await using var source = await response.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync(token);
+					await using var target = File.Create(packed);
+					await CopyCapped(source, target, options.Geo.MaxDownloadBytes, token);
+				}
+				await using (var source = new GZipStream(File.OpenRead(packed), CompressionMode.Decompress))
+				await using (var target = File.Create(unpacked))
+					await CopyCapped(source, target, options.Geo.MaxDatabaseBytes, token);
+				using (var reader = new Reader(unpacked, FileAccessMode.MemoryMapped))
+					if (!reader.Metadata.DatabaseType.Contains(kind, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+						throw new InvalidDatabaseException($"{url} is a {reader.Metadata.DatabaseType} database, not {kind}");
+				File.Move(unpacked, path, overwrite: true);
+				return true;
+			}
+			finally
+			{
+				File.Delete(packed);
+				File.Delete(unpacked);
+			}
+		}
+
+		static async Task CopyCapped(Stream source, Stream target, long limit, CancellationToken token)
+		{
+			var buffer = new byte[81920];
+			long total = 0;
+			int read;
+			while ((read = await source.ReadAsync(buffer, token)) > 0)
+			{
+				total += read;
+				if (total > limit)
+					throw new InvalidDataException($"more than {limit} bytes");
+				await target.WriteAsync(buffer.AsMemory(0, read), token);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}

PrivaPub/Infrastructure/RegistrationOptions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+namespace PrivaPub.Infrastructure
+{
+	public enum RegistrationMode
+	{
+		Invitations,
+		Open
+	}
+
+	// Who may make a root login. NodeInfo, both instance API versions and the sign-up endpoint read this one switch, so they
+	// cannot disagree. A group invitation always creates an account, whatever the mode.
+	public class RegistrationOptions
+	{
+		public RegistrationMode Mode { get; set; } = RegistrationMode.Invitations;//owner decision (2026-10-04): invitations only
+
+		public bool IsOpen => Mode == RegistrationMode.Open;
+
+		public const string ClosedMessage = "Sign-up is by invitation only: ask someone here for a group invitation.";
+	}
+}

PrivaPub/Infrastructure/Statistics/StatisticsOptions.cs

@@ -6,9 +6,19 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Infrastructure.Statistics
 		public string GeoDirectory { get; set; } = "/var/lib/privapub/geo";
 		public int PublicCityMinUsers { get; set; } = 10;
 		public CrawlerOptions Crawler { get; set; } = new();
+		public GeoOptions Geo { get; set; } = new();
 	}
 
-	//owner decision: off by default; when on, one server a minute, each at most weekly, at most MaxHosts servers
+	//owner decision (2026-10-04): the server keeps its DB-IP Lite databases current by itself
+	public class GeoOptions
+	{
+		public bool AutoUpdate { get; set; } = true;
+		public string DownloadBase { get; set; } = "https://download.db-ip.com/free";
+		public long MaxDownloadBytes { get; set; } = 300L * 1024 * 1024;
+		public long MaxDatabaseBytes { get; set; } = 1024L * 1024 * 1024;
+	}
+
+	//owner decision: off by default (on in production since 2026-10-04); when on, one server a minute, each at most weekly, at most MaxHosts servers
 	public class CrawlerOptions
 	{
 		public bool Enabled { get; set; }

PrivaPub/Middleware/SocialPubConfigurations.cs

@@ -41,7 +41,8 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Middleware
 		{
 			return service
 				.Configure<MongoSettings>(configuration.GetSection(nameof(MongoSettings)))
-				.Configure<AppConfiguration>(configuration.GetSection(nameof(AppConfiguration)));
+				.Configure<AppConfiguration>(configuration.GetSection(nameof(AppConfiguration)))
+				.Configure<PrivaPub.Infrastructure.RegistrationOptions>(configuration.GetSection("Registrations"));
 		}
 		public static IServiceCollection PrivaPubWorkersConfiguration(this IServiceCollection service)
 		{
@@ -98,6 +99,7 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Middleware
 				.AddSingleton<IPollService, PollService>()
 				.AddSingleton<IQuoteService, QuoteService>()
 				.AddSingleton<IJobHandler, PollRefreshJob>()
+				.AddSingleton<IJobHandler, RecoveryJob>()
 				.AddSingleton<IJobHandler, PollCloseJob>()
 				.AddSingleton<InstanceDescriber>()
 				.AddSingleton<IJobHandler>(services => services.GetRequiredService<InstanceDescriber>())
@@ -107,8 +109,16 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Middleware
 				.AddSingleton<IJobHandler, DeliveryJobHandler>()
 				.AddHostedService<JobWorker>();
 		}
-		public static IServiceCollection PrivaPubStatisticsConfiguration(this IServiceCollection service, IConfiguration configuration) =>
-			service
+		public static IServiceCollection PrivaPubStatisticsConfiguration(this IServiceCollection service, IConfiguration configuration)
+		{
+			// not federation: the DB-IP download only (GeoUpdater), plain HTTPS to a fixed host
+			service.AddHttpClient(GeoUpdater.ClientName, (provider, client) =>
+			{
+				var baseAddress = provider.GetRequiredService<IOptionsMonitor<AppConfiguration>>().CurrentValue.BackendBaseAddress?.TrimEnd('/');
+				client.Timeout = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(15);
+				client.DefaultRequestHeaders.UserAgent.ParseAdd($"PrivaPub/{BuildInfo.Ref} (+{baseAddress}/)");
+			});
+			return service
 				.Configure<StatisticsOptions>(configuration.GetSection("Statistics"))
 				.AddSingleton<InteractionSalts>()
 				.AddSingleton<InteractionLedger>()
@@ -116,10 +126,12 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Middleware
 				.AddHostedService(services => services.GetRequiredService<InteractionLedger>())
 				.AddSingleton<IJobHandler, RollupJob>()
 				.AddSingleton<IGeoLocator, DbIpLocator>()
+				.AddHostedService<GeoUpdater>()
 				.AddSingleton<Domain.Statistics.StatisticsQueries>()
 				.AddSingleton<IJobHandler, Federation.Crawler.CrawlPlanner>()
 				.AddSingleton<IJobHandler, Federation.Crawler.InstanceCrawler>()
 				.AddHostedService<StatisticsSchedule>();
+		}
 
 		public static IServiceCollection PrivaPubAuthServicesConfiguration(this IServiceCollection service, IConfiguration configuration)
 		{
@@ -171,6 +183,8 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Middleware
 			return service
 				.AddTransient<IDataService, DataService>()
 				.AddTransient<IRootUsersService, RootUsersService>()
+				.AddScoped<IRootSessions, RootSessions>()
+				.AddScoped<IRootRemoval, RootRemoval>()
 				.AddTransient<IPublicAvatarUsersService, PublicAvatarUsersService>()
 				.AddTransient<IPrivateAvatarUsersService, PrivateAvatarUsersService>()
 				.AddTransient<IGroupUsersService, GroupUsersService>()

PrivaPub/Models/Jobs/Job.cs

@@ -29,7 +29,8 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Models.Jobs
 		FetchPreview,
 		RollupDay,
 		CrawlPlan,
-		CrawlInstance
+		CrawlInstance,
+		SendRecovery
 	}
 
 	public enum JobState

PrivaPub/Models/User/EmailRecovery.cs

@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Models.User
 	public class EmailRecovery : Entity
 	{
 		public string RootUserId { get; set; }
-		public string RecoveryCode { get; set; }
+		public string RecoveryCode { get; set; }//plaintext codes before 2026-10-04; migration _011 removed them, never written now
+		public string CodeHash { get; set; }//sha-256 of the code, hex; the code itself exists only in the email
+		public DateTime ExpiresAt { get; set; }
 		public string RequestIP { get; set; }
 		public DateTime CreationDate { get; set; } = DateTime.UtcNow;
 	}

PrivaPub/Models/User/RootUser.cs

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Models.User
 		public DateTime CreatedAt { get; set; } = DateTime.UtcNow;
 		public DateTime UpdatedAt { get; set; } = DateTime.UtcNow;
 		public DateTime? DeletedAt { get; set; }
+		public DateTime? CredentialsChangedAt { get; set; }//a /clientapi token issued before this is refused (JwtEvents)
 	}
 
 	public class ContactItem

PrivaPub/Program.cs

@@ -87,12 +87,6 @@ try
 		EntityMaps.Warm();
 		await DB.Default.MigrateAsync<Program>();
 		await Indexes.Create();
-
-		if (args is ["admin", ..])
-		{
-			Environment.ExitCode = await AdminCommands.Run(args[1..]);
-			return;
-		}
 	}
 	catch (Exception ex)
 	{
@@ -111,6 +105,15 @@ try
 		throw;
 	}
 
+	// Commands get every service but start nothing: no Kestrel, no hosted services, no media directory. The deploy runs
+	// them as its own user, which can read the configuration and reach the private mongod but owns no www-data directory.
+	if (args is ["admin", ..])
+	{
+		using var scope = app.Services.CreateScope();
+		Environment.ExitCode = await AdminCommands.Run(args[1..], scope.ServiceProvider);
+		return;
+	}
+
 	try
 	{
 		var localizationService = app.Services.GetService<RequestLocalizationOptionsService>();

PrivaPub/Services/ClientToServer/Private/IPrivateAvatarUsersService.cs

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Services.ClientToServer.Private
 				if (!await _localActors.TryReserveUserName(userName, LocalActorKind.Person, newAvatar.ID, default))
 					return result.Invalidate(_localizer["The username '{0}' is already take.", userName]);
 				if (form.Settings is { IsDefault: false })
-					newAvatar.Settings = ToSettings(form.Settings);
+					Apply(newAvatar.Settings, form.Settings);
 
 				var actor = _localActors.FromAvatar(newAvatar);
 				newAvatar.Url = actor.Uri;
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Services.ClientToServer.Private
 				avatar.Fields = form.Fields ?? new();
 				avatar.PersonalNote = form.PersonalNote;
 				if (form.Settings != default)
-					avatar.Settings = ToSettings(form.Settings);
+					Apply(avatar.Settings ??= new(), form.Settings);
 				avatar.UpdatedAt = DateTime.UtcNow;
 				await DB.Default.SaveAsync(avatar);
 				await _outbox.PublishProfile(_localActors.FromAvatar(avatar), default);
@@ -158,18 +158,20 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Services.ClientToServer.Private
 				.Match(ru => !ru.DeletedAt.HasValue && !ru.IsBanned)
 				.ExecuteAnyAsync();
 
-		static AvatarSettings ToSettings(ViewAvatarSettings settings) => new()
+		// The client API carries only the theme; the rest (discoverable, locked, quote policy…) is set through the Mastodon API
+		// and must survive an edit made here.
+		static void Apply(AvatarSettings target, ViewAvatarSettings settings)
 		{
-			IsDefault = settings.IsDefault,
-			DarkThemeIndexColour = settings.DarkThemeIndexColour,
-			IconsThemeIndexColour = settings.IconsThemeIndexColour,
-			LanguageCode = settings.LanguageCode,
-			LightThemeIndexColour = settings.LightThemeIndexColour,
-			PreferSystemTheming = settings.PreferSystemTheming,
-			ThemeIsDarkGray = settings.ThemeIsDarkGray,
-			ThemeIsDarkMode = settings.ThemeIsDarkMode,
-			ThemeIsLightGray = settings.ThemeIsLightGray
-		};
+			target.IsDefault = settings.IsDefault;
+			target.DarkThemeIndexColour = settings.DarkThemeIndexColour;
+			target.IconsThemeIndexColour = settings.IconsThemeIndexColour;
+			target.LanguageCode = settings.LanguageCode;
+			target.LightThemeIndexColour = settings.LightThemeIndexColour;
+			target.PreferSystemTheming = settings.PreferSystemTheming;
+			target.ThemeIsDarkGray = settings.ThemeIsDarkGray;
+			target.ThemeIsDarkMode = settings.ThemeIsDarkMode;
+			target.ThemeIsLightGray = settings.ThemeIsLightGray;
+		}
 
 		ViewAvatar ToView(Avatar avatar) => new()
 		{

PrivaPub/Services/IRootUsersService.cs

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Services
 		Task<WebResult> UnbanUserAsync(UsersIds usersIds);
 
 		Task<WebResult> RemoveUserAsync(UsersIds usersIds);
+		Task<WebResult> RemoveSelfAsync(string rootId, string password);
 
 		Task<WebResult> UpdateUserAsync(UserForm userEmailForm, string userId);
 

PrivaPub/Services/JwtEvents.cs

@@ -33,6 +33,12 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Services
 				context.Fail("The account can no longer be used.");
 				return;
 			}
+			// a password recovery ends every session made before it (RootSessions)
+			if (root.CredentialsChangedAt is { } changed && context.SecurityToken.ValidFrom < changed.AddSeconds(-1))
+			{
+				context.Fail("The account's password was changed.");
+				return;
+			}
 			if (context.Principal.Identity is not ClaimsIdentity identity)
 				return;
 			foreach (var policy in PolicyClaims)

PrivaPub/Services/RecoveryJob.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+using MailKit.Net.Smtp;
+
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Localization;
+
+using MimeKit;
+
+using MongoDB.Entities;
+
+using PrivaPub.Infrastructure.Jobs;
+using PrivaPub.Models.Jobs;
+using PrivaPub.Models.User;
+using PrivaPub.Resources;
+
+using System.Security.Cryptography;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Text.Json;
+
+namespace PrivaPub.Services
+{
+	public sealed record RecoveryPayload(string RootUserId, string Host);
+
+	// Sends a password recovery link. Every request queues one of these, for an account that exists or not, so the answer
+	// to the request and its timing say nothing; SMTP's slowness and failures happen here, where nobody waits on them.
+	// The code exists only in the email: the database keeps its hash, for an hour.
+	public class RecoveryJob : IJobHandler
+	{
+		public const string Host = "recovery";
+		public static readonly TimeSpan CodeLifetime = TimeSpan.FromHours(1);
+
+		readonly AppConfigurationService _app;
+		readonly IStringLocalizer<GenericRes> _localizer;
+		readonly ILogger<RecoveryJob> _logger;
+
+		public RecoveryJob(AppConfigurationService app, IStringLocalizer<GenericRes> localizer, ILogger<RecoveryJob> logger)
+		{
+			_app = app;
+			_localizer = localizer;
+			_logger = logger;
+		}
+
+		public JobKind Kind => JobKind.SendRecovery;
+		public int Concurrency => 1;
+		public int MaxAttempts => 3;
+		public int PerHostLimit => 1;
+
+		public static string Hash(string code) => Convert.ToHexStringLower(SHA256.HashData(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(code ?? string.Empty)));
+
+		public async Task<JobOutcome> Handle(Job job, CancellationToken token)
+		{
+			var payload = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<RecoveryPayload>(job.Payload);
+			if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(payload?.RootUserId))
+				return JobOutcome.Done;//asked for an account that does not exist: there is nobody to write to
+			var user = await DB.Default.Find<RootUser>().MatchID(payload.RootUserId).ExecuteFirstAsync(token);
+			if (user is not { DeletedAt: null, IsBanned: false } || string.IsNullOrEmpty(user.Email))
+				return JobOutcome.Done;
+
+			var code = Convert.ToHexStringLower(RandomNumberGenerator.GetBytes(32));
+			await DB.Default.DeleteAsync<EmailRecovery>(r => r.RootUserId == user.ID);
+			await DB.Default.SaveAsync(new EmailRecovery { RootUserId = user.ID, CodeHash = Hash(code), ExpiresAt = DateTime.UtcNow + CodeLifetime }, token);
+
+			var email = _app.AppConfiguration.EmailConfiguration;
+			var message = new MimeMessage();
+			message.From.Add(new MailboxAddress("PrivaPub", email.SmtpUsername));
+			message.To.Add(MailboxAddress.Parse(user.Email));
+			message.Subject = _localizer["PrivaPub - Password recovery link"];
+			message.Body = new TextPart("plain")
+			{
+				Text = string.Format(_localizer[
+					"Hello,\n\nSomeone asked to reset the password of the PrivaPub login {0}. If it was you, open this link within an hour:\n{1}\n\nIf it was not you, ignore this email: nothing changes."],
+					user.UserName, $"{payload.Host}/password-recovery?rc={code}")
+			};
+			try
+			{
+				using var smtp = new SmtpClient();
+				await smtp.ConnectAsync(email.SmtpServer, email.SmtpPort, email.UseSSL, token);
+				await smtp.AuthenticateAsync(email.SmtpUsername, email.SmtpPassword, token);
+				await smtp.SendAsync(message, token);
+				await smtp.DisconnectAsync(quit: true, token);
+				return JobOutcome.Done;
+			}
+			catch (Exception ex) when (ex is not OperationCanceledException || !token.IsCancellationRequested)
+			{
+				_logger.LogWarning(ex, "The recovery email could not be sent");
+				return JobOutcome.Retry("smtp");
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}

PrivaPub/Services/RootRemoval.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+using MongoDB.Entities;
+
+using PrivaPub.Federation.Actors;
+using PrivaPub.Federation.Outbox;
+using PrivaPub.Federation.Rendering;
+using PrivaPub.Models.Federation;
+using PrivaPub.Models.Social;
+using PrivaPub.Models.User;
+using PrivaPub.StaticServices;
+
+using System.Text.Json.Nodes;
+
+using GroupEntity = PrivaPub.Models.Group.Group;
+using PostEntity = PrivaPub.Models.Post.Post;
+
+namespace PrivaPub.Services
+{
+	public interface IRootRemoval
+	{
+		Task<bool> Remove(string rootId, CancellationToken token);
+	}
+
+	// Deleting a root deletes everything public it had (owner decision 2026-10-04): each persona, and each group a persona
+	// owns, is announced deleted with a Delete of the actor to everyone who follows it, every member and everyone it
+	// follows; their posts are emptied; their names stay reserved, and their documents answer 410 from then on. The root's
+	// sessions end first, so nothing acts as it while it goes.
+	public class RootRemoval : IRootRemoval
+	{
+		readonly DbEntities _dbEntities;
+		readonly ILocalActorService _localActors;
+		readonly IDeliveryService _delivery;
+		readonly IRootSessions _sessions;
+
+		public RootRemoval(DbEntities dbEntities, ILocalActorService localActors, IDeliveryService delivery, IRootSessions sessions)
+		{
+			_dbEntities = dbEntities;
+			_localActors = localActors;
+			_delivery = delivery;
+			_sessions = sessions;
+		}
+
+		public async Task<bool> Remove(string rootId, CancellationToken token)
+		{
+			var root = await _dbEntities.RootUsers.MatchID(rootId).Match(u => u.DeletedAt == null).ExecuteFirstAsync(token);
+			if (root == default)
+				return false;
+			await _sessions.Revoke(root.ID, token);
+			var now = DateTime.UtcNow;
+
+			var avatarIds = (await _dbEntities.RootToAvatars.Match(ra => ra.RootId == root.ID).ExecuteAsync(token)).Select(ra => ra.AvatarId).ToList();
+			var avatars = await _dbEntities.Avatars.Match(a => avatarIds.Contains(a.ID) && !a.DeletionAt.HasValue).ExecuteAsync(token);
+			foreach (var avatar in avatars)
+			{
+				foreach (var group in await _dbEntities.Groups.Match(g => g.OwnerAvatarId == avatar.ID && !g.DeletionAt.HasValue).ExecuteAsync(token))
+				{
+					await Announce(_localActors.FromGroup(group), group.Members.Where(m => m.IsForeign).Select(m => m.AvatarId), token);
+					await DB.Default.Update<GroupEntity>().MatchID(group.ID).Modify(g => g.DeletionAt, now).ExecuteAsync(token);
+				}
+				var persona = _localActors.FromAvatar(avatar);
+				var followed = (await _dbEntities.Followings.Match(f => f.AvatarId == avatar.ID && !f.TargetIsLocal).ExecuteAsync(token))
+					.Select(f => f.TargetActorURI);
+				await Announce(persona, followed, token);
+				await DB.Default.Update<Avatar>().MatchID(avatar.ID).Modify(a => a.DeletionAt, now).ExecuteAsync(token);
+				await Empty(avatar.ID, now, token);
+			}
+
+			await DB.Default.Update<RootUser>().MatchID(root.ID)
+				.Modify(u => u.UserName, $"deleted-{root.ID}")//unique, so a second deletion never collides with the first
+				.Modify(u => u.Email, null)
+				.Modify(u => u.HashedPassword, null)
+				.Modify(u => u.Policies, new List<string>())
+				.Modify(u => u.IsBanned, false)
+				.Modify(u => u.IsEmailValidated, false)
+				.Modify(u => u.DeletedAt, now)
+				.ExecuteAsync(token);
+			await DB.Default.DeleteAsync<EmailRecovery>(r => r.RootUserId == root.ID);
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		// Delete{Actor}: to its followers' (shared) inboxes, and to the inboxes of the other accounts named
+		async Task Announce(LocalActor actor, IEnumerable<string> others, CancellationToken token)
+		{
+			var inboxes = (await _delivery.FollowerInboxes(actor, token)).ToList();
+			var named = others.Where(uri => !string.IsNullOrEmpty(uri)).Distinct().ToList();
+			if (named.Count > 0)
+				inboxes.AddRange((await _dbEntities.ForeignAvatars.Match(a => named.Contains(a.ActorURI)).ExecuteAsync(token))
+					.Select(a => string.IsNullOrEmpty(a.SharedInboxURL) ? a.InboxURL : a.SharedInboxURL));
+			await _delivery.Enqueue(actor, inboxes.Where(i => !string.IsNullOrEmpty(i)).Distinct(), new JsonObject
+			{
+				["@context"] = ActivityPubRenderer.Context(),
+				["id"] = actor.ActivityUri("delete-actor"),
+				["type"] = "Delete",
+				["actor"] = actor.Uri,
+				["object"] = actor.Uri,
+				["to"] = new JsonArray(ActivityPubRenderer.Public),
+				["cc"] = new JsonArray(actor.Followers)
+			}, token);
+		}
+
+		// a persona's posts keep their ids and lose their content, like a single deleted post; a group writes none of its own
+		static async Task Empty(string avatarId, DateTime now, CancellationToken token)
+		{
+			var postIds = (await DB.Default.Find<PostEntity>().Match(p => p.GroupUserId == avatarId && !p.IsFederatedCopy && !p.DeletedAt.HasValue)
+				.Project(p => p.Include(x => x.ID)).ExecuteAsync(token)).Select(p => p.ID).ToList();
+			if (postIds.Count == 0)
+				return;
+			await DB.Default.Update<PostEntity>().Match(p => postIds.Contains(p.ID))
+				.Modify(p => p.DeletedAt, now)
+				.Modify(p => p.Text, null)
+				.Modify(p => p.ContentHtml, null)
+				.Modify(p => p.Title, null)
+				.Modify(p => p.SpoilerText, null)
+				.Modify(p => p.Media, new List<Models.Post.PostMedia>())
+				.Modify(p => p.Revisions, new List<Models.Post.PostRevision>())
+				.ExecuteAsync(token);
+			await DB.Default.DeleteAsync<TimelineEntry>(e => postIds.Contains(e.PostId) || postIds.Contains(e.ReblogOfPostId));
+		}
+	}
+}

PrivaPub/Services/RootSessions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+using MongoDB.Entities;
+
+using OpenIddict.Abstractions;
+
+using PrivaPub.Models.User;
+using PrivaPub.StaticServices;
+
+namespace PrivaPub.Services
+{
+	public interface IRootSessions
+	{
+		Task Revoke(string rootId, CancellationToken token);
+	}
+
+	// Ends everything a root is signed in with: its /clientapi tokens, through CredentialsChangedAt (checked by JwtEvents),
+	// and the Mastodon API tokens and authorizations of each of its personas. Used when its password is recovered and when
+	// it is deleted.
+	public class RootSessions : IRootSessions
+	{
+		readonly DbEntities _dbEntities;
+		readonly IOpenIddictTokenManager _tokens;
+		readonly IOpenIddictAuthorizationManager _authorizations;
+
+		public RootSessions(DbEntities dbEntities, IOpenIddictTokenManager tokens, IOpenIddictAuthorizationManager authorizations)
+		{
+			_dbEntities = dbEntities;
+			_tokens = tokens;
+			_authorizations = authorizations;
+		}
+
+		public async Task Revoke(string rootId, CancellationToken token)
+		{
+			await DB.Default.Update<RootUser>().MatchID(rootId).Modify(u => u.CredentialsChangedAt, DateTime.UtcNow).ExecuteAsync(token);
+			foreach (var link in await _dbEntities.RootToAvatars.Match(ra => ra.RootId == rootId).ExecuteAsync(token))
+			{
+				await _tokens.RevokeBySubjectAsync(link.AvatarId, token);
+				await _authorizations.RevokeBySubjectAsync(link.AvatarId, token);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}

PrivaPub/Services/RootUsersService.cs

@@ -14,9 +14,12 @@ using PrivaPub.ClientModels.User;
 using PrivaPub.Models;
 using PrivaPub.Models.User;
 using PrivaPub.Resources;
+using PrivaPub.Infrastructure.Jobs;
+using PrivaPub.Models.Jobs;
 using PrivaPub.StaticServices;
 
 using System.Globalization;
+using System.Text.Json;
 
 #pragma warning disable 8603
 #pragma warning disable 8625
@@ -31,8 +34,14 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Services
 		readonly ILogger<RootUsersService> Logger;
 		readonly AppConfigurationService AppConfigurationService;
 		readonly AuthTokenManager AuthTokenManager;
+		readonly IJobQueue Jobs;
+		readonly IRootSessions Sessions;
+		readonly IRootRemoval Removal;
 
 		public RootUsersService(
+			IJobQueue jobs,
+			IRootSessions sessions,
+			IRootRemoval removal,
 			IStringLocalizer<GenericRes> localizer,
 			ILogger<RootUsersService> logger,
 			IPasswordHasher passwordHasher,
@@ -40,6 +49,9 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Services
 			AppConfigurationService appConfigurationService,
 			AuthTokenManager authTokenManager)
 		{
+			Jobs = jobs;
+			Sessions = sessions;
+			Removal = removal;
 			DbEntities = dbEntities;
 			AuthTokenManager = authTokenManager;
 			PasswordHasher = passwordHasher;
@@ -48,6 +60,12 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Services
 			AppConfigurationService = appConfigurationService;
 		}
 
+		public const string NoMatch = "That username and password do not match.";
+		static string _decoy;
+
+		// a hash nobody's password matches, so an unknown login costs the same hashing as a wrong password
+		string Decoy => _decoy ??= PasswordHasher.Hash(Convert.ToHexString(System.Security.Cryptography.RandomNumberGenerator.GetBytes(16)));
+
 		public async Task<WebResult> SignUpAsync(LoginForm signUpForm, string invitationCode = default,
 			bool isPasswordRequired = false)
 		{
@@ -114,20 +132,16 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Services
 			var result = new WebResult();
 			try
 			{
+				// One answer, after the same work, whether the login is unknown, deleted or the password wrong: sign-in must not
+				// tell anyone which logins exist. Only someone who knows the password learns the login is banned.
 				loginForm.UserName = loginForm.UserName.ToLower();
-				if (!await DbEntities.RootUsers.Match(u => u.UserName == loginForm.UserName && u.DeletedAt == null)
-							.ExecuteAnyAsync())
-					return result.Invalidate(Localizer["Username '{0}' not found.", loginForm.UserName]);
-
-				var user = await DbEntities.RootUsers.Match(u => u.UserName == loginForm.UserName).ExecuteFirstAsync();
+				var user = await DbEntities.RootUsers.Match(u => u.UserName == loginForm.UserName && u.DeletedAt == null).ExecuteFirstAsync();
+				var (verified, needsUpgrade) = PasswordHasher.Check(user?.HashedPassword ?? Decoy, loginForm.Password);
+				if (user?.HashedPassword == default || !verified)
+					return result.Invalidate(Localizer[NoMatch]);
 				if (user.IsBanned)
 					return result.Invalidate(Localizer["User '{0}' banned.", user.UserName]);
 
-				var (verified, needsUpgrade) = PasswordHasher.Check(user.HashedPassword, loginForm.Password);
-
-				if (!verified)
-					return result.Invalidate(Localizer["Wrong password."]);
-
 				if (needsUpgrade)
 					result.ErrorMessage = Localizer["Needs upgrade!"];
 
@@ -261,24 +275,12 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Services
 			var result = new WebResult();
 			try
 			{
-				var users = await DbEntities.RootUsers.Match(u => usersIds.UserIdList.Contains(u.ID) && u.DeletedAt == default).ExecuteAsync();
-				if (users == null || users.Count == 0)
+				var removed = 0;
+				foreach (var id in usersIds.UserIdList.Distinct())
+					if (await Removal.Remove(id, CancellationToken.None))
+						removed++;
+				if (removed == 0)
 					return result.Invalidate(Localizer["User already deleted."]);
-
-				foreach (var user in users)
-				{
-					user.Email = Localizer["Deleted user"];
-					user.HashedPassword = null;
-					user.Policies.Clear();
-					user.IsBanned = false;
-					user.IsEmailValidated = false;
-					//user.TempSecret = null;
-					user.UserName = Localizer["Deleted user"];
-					user.DeletedAt = DateTime.UtcNow;
-
-					await DB.Default.SaveAsync(user);
-				}
-
 				return result;
 			}
 			catch (Exception ex)
@@ -288,6 +290,26 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Services
 			}
 		}
 
+		// A root deletes itself only with its password, so a stolen session cannot.
+		public async Task<WebResult> RemoveSelfAsync(string rootId, string password)
+		{
+			var result = new WebResult();
+			try
+			{
+				var user = await DbEntities.RootUsers.MatchID(rootId).Match(u => u.DeletedAt == null).ExecuteFirstAsync();
+				var (verified, _) = PasswordHasher.Check(user?.HashedPassword ?? Decoy, password ?? string.Empty);
+				if (user?.HashedPassword == default || !verified)
+					return result.Invalidate(Localizer[NoMatch], StatusCodes.Status403Forbidden);
+				await Removal.Remove(user.ID, CancellationToken.None);
+				return result;
+			}
+			catch (Exception ex)
+			{
+				Logger.LogError(ex, $"{nameof(RootUsersService)}.{nameof(RemoveSelfAsync)}()");
+				return result.Invalidate(Localizer["Something went wrong."], exception: ex);
+			}
+		}
+
 		public async Task<WebResult> BanUserAsync(UsersIds usersIds)
 		{
 			var result = new WebResult();
@@ -354,141 +376,22 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Services
 			}
 		}
 
+		public const string RecoverySent = "If that account has an email address, a recovery link is on its way. It works for one hour.";
+
+		// The same answer, after the same work, whether the account exists, has an email or can be written to: recovery must
+		// not tell anyone which logins or addresses exist. RecoveryJob does the rest, out of the request.
 		public async Task<WebResult> SetupAndSendRecoveryEmail(PasswordRecoveryForm passwordRecoveryForm, string host)
 		{
 			var result = new WebResult();
 			try
 			{
-				var usernameExists = false;
-				if (passwordRecoveryForm.IsEmailDisabled)
-				{
-					if (!await DbEntities.RootUsers.Match(u => u.UserName == passwordRecoveryForm.UserName && u.DeletedAt == null)
-								.ExecuteAnyAsync())
-						return result.Invalidate(Localizer["Username '{0}' not found.", passwordRecoveryForm.UserName],
-							StatusCodes.Status404NotFound);
-					usernameExists = true;
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					if (!await DbEntities.RootUsers.Match(u => u.Email == passwordRecoveryForm.Email && u.DeletedAt == null)
-								.ExecuteAnyAsync())
-						return result.Invalidate(Localizer["Username '{0}' not found.", passwordRecoveryForm.UserName],
-							StatusCodes.Status404NotFound);
-				}
-
-				var user = default(RootUser);
-				if (usernameExists)
-					user = await DbEntities.RootUsers.Match(u => u.UserName == passwordRecoveryForm.UserName).ExecuteFirstAsync();
-				else
-					user = await DbEntities.RootUsers.Match(u => u.Email == passwordRecoveryForm.Email).ExecuteFirstAsync();
-
-				if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(user.Email))
-					return result.Invalidate(Localizer["This User doesn't have an email, no way to recover."],
-						StatusCodes.Status423Locked);
-
-				var emailRecovery = await DbEntities.EmailRecoveries
-					.Match(er => er.RootUserId == user.ID).ExecuteFirstAsync();
-
-				if (emailRecovery is null)
-				{
-					emailRecovery = new()
-					{
-						RootUserId = user.ID
-					};
-					await DB.Default.SaveAsync(emailRecovery);
-				}
-
-				using var recoveryCodeGenerator = new Password(true, true, true, false, 127);
-				emailRecovery.RecoveryCode = recoveryCodeGenerator.Next();
-				await DB.Default.SaveAsync(emailRecovery);
-
-				using (var smtpClient = new SmtpClient())
-				{
-					try
-					{
-						await smtpClient.ConnectAsync(AppConfigurationService.AppConfiguration.EmailConfiguration.SmtpServer, AppConfigurationService.AppConfiguration.EmailConfiguration.SmtpPort,
-							AppConfigurationService.AppConfiguration.EmailConfiguration.UseSSL);
-						if (!smtpClient.IsConnected)
-						{
-							Logger.LogError($"Failed to connect to the SMTP server({AppConfigurationService.AppConfiguration.EmailConfiguration.SmtpServer}).");
-							return result.Invalidate(Localizer["Failed to send email."], StatusCodes.Status503ServiceUnavailable);
-						}
-					}
-					catch (Exception ex)
-					{
-						Logger.LogError(ex, $"Error at connection to the SMTP server({AppConfigurationService.AppConfiguration.EmailConfiguration.SmtpServer}).");
-						return result.Invalidate(Localizer["Failed to send email."], StatusCodes.Status503ServiceUnavailable, exception: ex);
-					}
-
-					try
-					{
-						await smtpClient.AuthenticateAsync(AppConfigurationService.AppConfiguration.EmailConfiguration.SmtpUsername, AppConfigurationService.AppConfiguration.EmailConfiguration.SmtpPassword);
-						if (!smtpClient.IsAuthenticated)
-						{
-							Logger.LogError($"Failed SMTP authentication of {AppConfigurationService.AppConfiguration.EmailConfiguration.SmtpUsername}.");
-							return result.Invalidate(Localizer["Failed to send email."],
-								StatusCodes.Status503ServiceUnavailable);
-						}
-					}
-					catch (Exception ex)
-					{
-						Logger.LogError(ex, $"Failed SMTP authentication of {AppConfigurationService.AppConfiguration.EmailConfiguration.SmtpUsername}.");
-						return result.Invalidate(Localizer["Failed to send email."],
-							StatusCodes.Status503ServiceUnavailable, exception: ex);
-					}
-
-					try
-					{
-						var toParsed = await smtpClient.VerifyAsync(user.Email);
-						if (toParsed == null)
-							return result.Invalidate(Localizer["Invalid email."], StatusCodes.Status400BadRequest);
-					}
-					catch (OperationCanceledException ex)
-					{
-						Logger.LogWarning(
-							"SMTP operation canceled at email verification: {Error}", ex.Message);
-					}
-					catch (SmtpCommandException ex)
-					{
-						Logger.LogWarning(
-							"SMTP command exception at email verification: {Error}", ex.Message);
-					}
-					catch (SmtpProtocolException ex)
-					{
-						Logger.LogWarning(
-							"SMTP protocol exception at email verification: {Error}", ex.Message);
-					}
-					catch (Exception ex)
-					{
-						Logger.LogWarning("Exception at email verification: {Error}", ex.Message);
-					}
-
-					var message = new MimeMessage();
-					message.From.Add(new MailboxAddress("PrivaPub", AppConfigurationService.AppConfiguration.EmailConfiguration.SmtpUsername));
-					message.To.Add(MailboxAddress.Parse(user.Email));
-					message.Subject = Localizer["PrivaPub - Password recovery link"];
-					message.Body = new TextPart("plain")
-					{
-						Text = string.Format(Localizer[@"Hey {0},
-
-Eugene from collAnon, following is the password recovery link:
-{1}
-
--- Eugene"], user.UserName, $"{host}/password-recovery?rc={emailRecovery.RecoveryCode}")
-					};
-					try
-					{
-						await smtpClient.SendAsync(message);
-					}
-					catch (Exception ex)
-					{
-						Logger.LogError(ex, $"Error at email sending to {user.Email} from {AppConfigurationService.AppConfiguration.EmailConfiguration.SmtpUsername}.");
-						return result.Invalidate(Localizer["Failed to send email."], StatusCodes.Status503ServiceUnavailable, exception: ex);
-					}
-
-					await smtpClient.DisconnectAsync(quit: true);
-				}
-
+				var userName = passwordRecoveryForm.UserName?.ToLowerInvariant();
+				var user = passwordRecoveryForm.IsEmailDisabled
+					? await DbEntities.RootUsers.Match(u => u.UserName == userName && u.DeletedAt == null).ExecuteFirstAsync()
+					: await DbEntities.RootUsers.Match(u => u.Email == passwordRecoveryForm.Email && u.DeletedAt == null).ExecuteFirstAsync();
+				await Jobs.Enqueue(JobKind.SendRecovery, JsonSerializer.Serialize(new RecoveryPayload(user?.ID, host)), RecoveryJob.Host,
+					dedupeKey: default, CancellationToken.None);
+				result.Data = Localizer[RecoverySent].Value;
 				return result;
 			}
 			catch (Exception ex)
@@ -498,16 +401,19 @@ Eugene from collAnon, following is the password recovery link:
 			}
 		}
 
+		Task<EmailRecovery> LiveRecovery(string recoveryCode)
+		{
+			var hash = RecoveryJob.Hash(recoveryCode);
+			var now = DateTime.UtcNow;
+			return DbEntities.EmailRecoveries.Match(er => er.CodeHash == hash && er.ExpiresAt > now).ExecuteFirstAsync();
+		}
+
 		public async Task<WebResult> IsValidRecoveryCode(string recoveryCode)
 		{
 			var result = new WebResult();
 			try
 			{
-				var isValidRecoveryCode = await DbEntities.EmailRecoveries
-					.Match(er => er.RecoveryCode == recoveryCode).ExecuteAnyAsync();
-
-				result.Data = isValidRecoveryCode;
-
+				result.Data = await LiveRecovery(recoveryCode) != default;
 				return result;
 			}
 			catch (Exception ex)
@@ -516,33 +422,24 @@ Eugene from collAnon, following is the password recovery link:
 			}
 		}
 
+		// A recovered password ends every session the root had: whoever had them may be why it was recovered.
 		public async Task<WebResult> ChangePassword(NewPasswordForm newPasswordForm)
 		{
 			var result = new WebResult();
 			try
 			{
-				var isValidRecoveryCode = await DbEntities.EmailRecoveries
-					.Match(er => er.RecoveryCode == newPasswordForm.RecoveryCode).ExecuteAnyAsync();
-				if (!isValidRecoveryCode)
+				var recovery = await LiveRecovery(newPasswordForm.RecoveryCode);
+				var user = recovery == default ? default
+					: await DbEntities.RootUsers.MatchID(recovery.RootUserId).Match(u => u.DeletedAt == null && !u.IsBanned).ExecuteFirstAsync();
+				if (user == default)
 					return result.Invalidate(Localizer["Invalid recovery code."], StatusCodes.Status404NotFound);
 
-				var emailRecovery = await DbEntities.EmailRecoveries
-					.Match(er => er.RecoveryCode == newPasswordForm.RecoveryCode)
-					.Project(er => er.Include(nameof(EmailRecovery.RootUserId)))
-					.ExecuteFirstAsync();
-
-				if (emailRecovery is null || emailRecovery.RootUserId is null)
-					return result.Invalidate(Localizer["User not found."]);
-
-				var newHashedPassword = PasswordHasher.Hash(newPasswordForm.NewPassword);
-
-				_ = await DB.Default.Update<RootUser>()
-					.Match(u => u.ID == emailRecovery.RootUserId && u.DeletedAt == null)
-					.Modify(u => u.HashedPassword, newHashedPassword)
+				await DB.Default.Update<RootUser>().MatchID(user.ID)
+					.Modify(u => u.HashedPassword, PasswordHasher.Hash(newPasswordForm.NewPassword))
+					.Modify(u => u.UpdatedAt, DateTime.UtcNow)
 					.ExecuteAsync();
-
-				_ = await DB.Default.DeleteAsync<EmailRecovery>(er => er.RecoveryCode == newPasswordForm.RecoveryCode);
-
+				await DB.Default.DeleteAsync<EmailRecovery>(er => er.RootUserId == user.ID);
+				await Sessions.Revoke(user.ID, CancellationToken.None);
 				return result;
 			}
 			catch (Exception ex)

PrivaPub/StaticServices/AuthTokenManager.cs

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ namespace PrivaPub.StaticServices
 
 			var token = new JwtSecurityToken(issuer: Configuration["AppConfiguration:Jwt:Issuer"], audience: Configuration["AppConfiguration:Jwt:Audience"],
 					claims: claims,
+					notBefore: DateTime.UtcNow,//its issue time, which JwtEvents compares with RootUser.CredentialsChangedAt
 					expires: expiration,
 					signingCredentials: new(securityKey, SecurityAlgorithms.HmacSha512)
 			);

PrivaPub/StaticServices/PasswordHasher.cs

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ namespace PrivaPub.StaticServices
 			using (var algorithm = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes(password, salt, iterations, HashAlgorithmName.SHA512))
 			{
 				var keyToCheck = algorithm.GetBytes(KeySize);
-				var verified = keyToCheck.SequenceEqual(key);
+				var verified = CryptographicOperations.FixedTimeEquals(keyToCheck, key);
 				return (verified, needsUpgrade);
 			}
 		}

PrivaPub/Web/Pages/Pages.cs

@@ -133,14 +133,18 @@ namespace PrivaPub.Web.Pages
 		readonly Microsoft.Extensions.Options.IOptionsMonitor<Infrastructure.Statistics.StatisticsOptions> _options;
 		readonly Microsoft.Extensions.Options.IOptionsMonitor<Models.AppConfiguration> _app;
 
+		readonly Infrastructure.Geo.IGeoLocator _geo;
+
 		public StargazingModel(Microsoft.Extensions.Options.IOptionsMonitor<Infrastructure.Statistics.StatisticsOptions> options,
-			Microsoft.Extensions.Options.IOptionsMonitor<Models.AppConfiguration> app)
+			Microsoft.Extensions.Options.IOptionsMonitor<Models.AppConfiguration> app, Infrastructure.Geo.IGeoLocator geo)
 		{
 			_options = options;
 			_app = app;
+			_geo = geo;
 		}
 
 		public bool CrawlerEnabled => _options.CurrentValue.Crawler.Enabled;
+		public string GeoSource => _geo.Source;
 		public string UserAgent => Federation.Crawler.Stargazer.UserAgent(_app.CurrentValue.BackendBaseAddress);
 
 		public void OnGet() => Harden();

PrivaPub/Web/Pages/Stargazing.cshtml

@@ -15,6 +15,15 @@
 	<p>A server we exchange activities with is described once a week, from its public NodeInfo and, when it has one, its
 	Mastodon instance API. Its location comes from the address we reached, looked up in an offline database: only the
 	country is shown publicly for small servers, and only the CDN for servers behind one.</p>
+	@if (Model.GeoSource is { } geo)
+	{
+		<p>Locations come from <a href="https://db-ip.com" rel="nofollow noopener">@geo</a>, licensed under
+		<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="nofollow noopener">CC BY 4.0</a>.</p>
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		<p>No location database is loaded yet, so servers are not located.</p>
+	}
 </article>
 <article>
 	<h2>The crawler</h2>

PrivaPub/appsettings.Production.json

@@ -2,6 +2,29 @@
 	"Media": {
 		"Root": "/var/lib/privapub/media"
 	},
+	"Registrations": {
+		"Mode": "Invitations"
+	},
+	"Federation": {
+		"SecureMode": true
+	},
+	"Statistics": {
+		"Crawler": {
+			"Enabled": true,
+			"Seeds": [
+				"mastodon.social",
+				"fosstodon.org",
+				"mas.to",
+				"lemmy.world",
+				"lemmy.ml",
+				"misskey.io",
+				"pixelfed.social",
+				"framatube.org",
+				"piefed.social",
+				"bookwyrm.social"
+			]
+		}
+	},
 	"MongoSettings": {
 		"Database": "PrivaPub",
 		"LogsDatabase": "logs",

deploy/max/geo-update.sh

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-# Fetches the month's DB-IP Lite city and ASN databases (CC BY 4.0, https://db-ip.com) into the directory PrivaPub reads
-# them from (Statistics:GeoDirectory). The app swaps to new files on its own; a failed download leaves the old ones.
-set -euo pipefail
-dir="${GEO_DIR:-/var/lib/privapub/geo}"
-tmp=$(mktemp -d); trap 'rm -rf "$tmp"' EXIT
-this=$(date -u +%Y-%m)
-last=$(date -u -d "$(date -u +%Y-%m-15) -1 month" +%Y-%m)
-for kind in city asn; do
-	got=""
-	for month in "$this" "$last"; do
-		if curl -fsS --max-time 900 -o "$tmp/$kind.gz" "https://download.db-ip.com/free/dbip-$kind-lite-$month.mmdb.gz"; then
-			got=$month; break
-		fi
-	done
-	[ -n "$got" ] || { echo "no $kind database for $this or $last" >&2; exit 1; }
-	gunzip -t "$tmp/$kind.gz"
-	gunzip -c "$tmp/$kind.gz" > "$tmp/dbip-$kind-lite.mmdb"
-	[ "$(stat -c %s "$tmp/dbip-$kind-lite.mmdb")" -gt 1000000 ] || { echo "the $kind database is too small" >&2; exit 1; }
-	install -m 640 "$tmp/dbip-$kind-lite.mmdb" "$dir/.dbip-$kind-lite.mmdb.new"
-	mv -f "$dir/.dbip-$kind-lite.mmdb.new" "$dir/dbip-$kind-lite.mmdb"
-	echo "$kind: DB-IP Lite $got"
-done

deploy/max/setup.sh

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ ACME=/root/.acme.sh/acme.sh
 echo "== directories"
 install -d -o "$RUNNER" -g www-data -m 755 /var/www/$HOST
 install -d -o "$RUNNER" -g "$RUNNER" -m 750 /var/backups/$HOST
-install -d -o www-data -g www-data -m 750 /var/lib/privapub /var/lib/privapub/mongo /var/lib/privapub/geo
+install -d -o www-data -g www-data -m 750 /var/lib/privapub /var/lib/privapub/mongo
 
 echo "== sudoers"
 SUDOERS=/etc/sudoers.d/$RUNNER
@@ -23,15 +23,10 @@ visudo -cf "$SUDOERS"
 echo "== units"
 install -m 644 "$SRC/systemd/privapub-mongod.service" /etc/systemd/system/privapub-mongod.service
 install -m 644 "$SRC/systemd/$UNIT.service" /etc/systemd/system/$UNIT.service
-install -m 755 "$SRC/max/geo-update.sh" /usr/local/bin/privapub-geo-update
-install -m 644 "$SRC/systemd/privapub-geo.service" /etc/systemd/system/privapub-geo.service
-install -m 644 "$SRC/systemd/privapub-geo.timer" /etc/systemd/system/privapub-geo.timer
 systemctl daemon-reload
 systemctl enable --now privapub-mongod >/dev/null
 systemctl enable $UNIT >/dev/null
-systemctl enable --now privapub-geo.timer >/dev/null
 systemctl is-active privapub-mongod
-[ -f /var/lib/privapub/geo/dbip-city-lite.mmdb ] || systemctl start privapub-geo.service || echo "geolocation databases not fetched yet; the timer retries"
 
 echo "== nginx snippet and bootstrap vhost"
 install -m 644 "$SRC/nginx/privapub-headers.conf" /etc/nginx/snippets/privapub-headers.conf

deploy/systemd/privapub-geo.service

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-[Unit]
-Description=PrivaPub: fetch the DB-IP Lite geolocation databases
-After=network-online.target
-Wants=network-online.target
-
-[Service]
-Type=oneshot
-User=www-data
-Group=www-data
-ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/privapub-geo-update
-NoNewPrivileges=true
-ProtectSystem=strict
-ProtectHome=true
-PrivateTmp=true
-ReadWritePaths=/var/lib/privapub/geo

deploy/systemd/privapub-geo.timer

@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-[Unit]
-Description=PrivaPub: refresh the geolocation databases monthly
-
-[Timer]
-OnCalendar=*-*-03 04:00:00
-RandomizedDelaySec=6h
-Persistent=true
-
-[Install]
-WantedBy=timers.target

docs/INTEROP.md

@@ -169,15 +169,19 @@ Priorities, used throughout:
 Findings:
 - **Mastodon 4.7 names its actors by number**: `https://mastodon.test/ap/users/<id>`, inbox `…/ap/users/<id>/inbox`. Nothing here may assume
   `/users/<name>`.
-- **It drops circle posts** (expected failure in the scenario).
+- **It dropped circle posts** until each member's copy named that member (owner decision 2026-10-04, v1.19.0).
   - A post addressed only to `[circle, circle/flock]` parses as `direct` there, and Mastodon keeps a `direct` post
     only if it names a local account or arrived in a known account's inbox (`Create#addresses_local_accounts?`).
   - But `ActivityPub::InboxesController#account_required?` looks only at `params[:account_username]`. A delivery to
     the numeric `/ap/users/:account_id/inbox` it now advertises therefore reaches the worker with no recipient and
     is rejected.
   - DMs are unaffected because they name the recipient.
-  - Fixing it on our side means naming the member (or that server's members) in each copy's `cc`, which changes what a
-    circle reveals: **owner decision pending**. Reporting it upstream is the other half.
+  - Each member's copy now names that member in `cc` and mentions them silently, so Mastodon keeps it, and its signed
+    refetch (`ActivityPub::FetchRemoteStatusService`, by its instance actor) gets the post back naming the members on
+    that server. The same holds for a followers-only post's refetch, which used to answer 404, and a 404 on refetch
+    makes Mastodon delete its copy. Reporting the numeric-inbox recipient loss upstream is still worth doing.
+- **With SecureMode on** (all six peers, 2026-10-04) every federation check passes: Mastodon, GoToSocial, Misskey,
+  Sharkey, Akkoma and Lemmy all sign their fetches, and fetch our instance actor's key unsigned first.
 - Inbound `Block` from Mastodon is not enforced yet (P7).
 
 ### GoToSocial: 0.22.1 (2026-07-20)
@@ -233,7 +237,10 @@ Findings:
 
 **Pasture evidence (2026-10-03, GoToSocial 0.22.1, `tools/pasture/scenarios/gts.sh`):** 37 checks pass, three runs in a
 row. That is the original 33 plus four on statistics: described as gotosocial, inbound and outbound traffic counted,
-no account named.
+no account named. Since 2026-10-04 (v1.19.0) circle posts reach a GoToSocial member too. GoToSocial files a post for
+neither the public nor the author's followers as a direct message, like our DMs, and shows it only to the accounts it
+mentions. Being in `cc` stored it but left it invisible, so each member's copy also mentions that member silently.
+Such posts are then found in the member's conversations, never by a search on their URI.
 
 ### Misskey family: Misskey 2026.10.0, Sharkey 2025.4.7, Iceshrimp.NET 2026.1.2-beta, CherryPick 4.17
 

docs/ROADMAP.md

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Written 2026-10-01 from the original 2023 code, the decePubClient UI, a federati
   - daily rollups, every touched server described and located, the admin statistics API, the opt-in crawler and `/stargazing`;
   - the pasture as plugins: GoToSocial 37/37, Mastodon 49 plus 2 expected failures.
 
-  T10 and T12–T14: v1.17.1, 2026-10-03. The pasture runs all six peers in one pass:
+  T10 and T12–T14: v1.17.1, deployed and verified 2026-10-03. The pasture runs all six peers in one pass:
   - GoToSocial 54 plus 1 expected failure;
   - Mastodon 49 plus 2;
   - Misskey 35, Sharkey 40, Akkoma 44;
@@ -29,7 +29,17 @@ Written 2026-10-01 from the original 2023 code, the decePubClient UI, a federati
   - followers-only posts arrived as DMs on Pleroma and Akkoma;
   - Akkoma's open polls showed as ended and refused votes.
 
-  Still open: installing the geolocation timer on Max (`deploy/max/setup.sh`, as root).
+  Both open items were closed without a root step (owner decisions, 2026-10-04): the server fetches its geolocation
+  databases itself, and the deploy makes and signs in as @thepra.
+- [ ] Everything on in production (owner decisions 2026-10-04):
+  - v1.18.0, deployed and verified 2026-10-04: geolocation that updates itself (DB-IP Lite 2026-10 loaded), the deploy
+    signing in as @thepra (undiscoverable), the crawler on (1010 servers known within the hour), sign-up by invitation
+    with one registrations switch;
+  - v1.19.0, 2026-10-04: circle posts reach Mastodon and GoToSocial members (each copy names and mentions its member),
+    followers-only, direct and circle posts served to signed refetches from those they were for, SecureMode on (all six
+    pasture peers pass under it), and account privacy (sign-in and recovery say nothing, recovery codes hashed for an
+    hour, a recovered password ends every session, a deleted root's personas and groups are deleted everywhere);
+  - still to come: one answer everywhere (the mismatch sweep).
 - [ ] P7 Threads, communities, moderation, the social graph
 - [ ] P8 Signatures, discovery, the long tail
 
@@ -158,10 +168,24 @@ and circles (see Owner decisions).
 | Local side in statistics | **Only the kind of local actor** (person, group, application), **and only on public and unlisted traffic.** DMs, followers-only and circle traffic are one "private" class, never broken out per server in public. Circles are never named, whether as a kind or as a reason. Fetches of our own documents are counted per day, never per server. |
 | Reading-driven traffic | **Counted per day, never logged per event:** the media proxy, lookups a client asks for, and the client API per endpoint group (admin only). Client app names are not recorded. |
 | Describing servers | **Every server we exchange activities with is described weekly**, from its NodeInfo (including the user counts it publishes) and its Mastodon instance API, never its contact account. These requests are unsigned, because they are not ActivityPub documents. Never on read. |
-| Server locations | **City and network (ASN) from the offline DB-IP Lite databases** (CC BY 4.0, attributed), downloaded monthly outside the app. The location comes from the address we connected to; an inbound sender's address is never recorded, and no address is stored. In public: city and network only for servers reporting at least 10 users and not behind a CDN; the country otherwise; only the CDN's name for CDN-fronted servers. The admin sees everything. |
-| Crawler | **Off by default** (`Statistics:Crawler:Enabled`). When on, it identifies as `PrivaPub-Stargazer/<version> (+https://privapub.thepra.dev/stargazing)`, where `/stargazing` explains it and how to opt out. It honours robots.txt (an unreachable robots.txt means "keep out") and domain blocks. It visits one server a minute, each at most weekly, and at most 5000 servers. It reads only robots.txt, NodeInfo, the instance API and the peers list, never accounts, posts or directories. Crawled servers stay marked as crawled. |
+| Server locations | **City and network (ASN) from the offline DB-IP Lite databases** (CC BY 4.0, attributed), downloaded monthly (by the server itself since 2026-10-04). The location comes from the address we connected to; an inbound sender's address is never recorded, and no address is stored. In public: city and network only for servers reporting at least 10 users and not behind a CDN; the country otherwise; only the CDN's name for CDN-fronted servers. The admin sees everything. |
+| Crawler | **Off by default** (`Statistics:Crawler:Enabled`); **on in production since 2026-10-04**, see below. When on, it identifies as `PrivaPub-Stargazer/<version> (+https://privapub.thepra.dev/stargazing)`, where `/stargazing` explains it and how to opt out. It honours robots.txt (an unreachable robots.txt means "keep out") and domain blocks. It visits one server a minute, each at most weekly, and at most 5000 servers. It reads only robots.txt, NodeInfo, the instance API and the peers list, never accounts, posts or directories. Crawled servers stay marked as crawled. |
 | A remote account deletes itself | **Its posts are kept but hidden everywhere** (`Post.AuthorGone`): from timelines, profiles, search and lookups by id. Its follows and timeline rows go, as before. |
-| Signed-in smoke check in production | **An undiscoverable persona**, whose read-only token is the Gitea secret `PRIVAPUB_SMOKE_TOKEN`; the deploy checks `verify_credentials`, home and notifications with it. The owner creates both. |
+| Signed-in smoke check in production | **An undiscoverable persona**, the deploy checks `verify_credentials`, home and notifications with it. *Superseded 2026-10-04: the deploy makes and keeps the persona itself, below.* |
+
+### Owner decisions on running everything in production (2026-10-04)
+
+| Question | Decision |
+|---|---|
+| What runs in production | **Everything that is built is on and checked by the deploy**, and nothing waits on a person running a command. |
+| Geolocation | **The server fetches DB-IP Lite itself** (`GeoUpdater`): it checks daily, installs a new month's databases once they are published, refuses a file that does not open as the right kind of database, and keeps the old one when anything fails. No timer and no root step. The deploy fails if the databases are missing or more than 40 days old. |
+| Crawler | **On in production**, seeded with a handful of large servers of different kinds (`appsettings.Production.json`); the deploy fails if `/stargazing` does not say it is on. |
+| Sign-up | **Closed: invitations only.** A group invitation creates an account; open sign-up answers 403. NodeInfo, `/api/v1/instance` and `/api/v2/instance` read the same switch (`Registrations:Mode`), and the deploy fails if they disagree. The first login on a server is made with `PrivaPub admin create-root`. |
+| Signed-in smoke check | **`@thepra`, undiscoverable, made and kept by the deploy**: `PrivaPub admin smoke thepra` creates or keeps the root `deploy-smoke` and the persona and gives the root a new password on every deploy; the deploy signs in through the real OAuth flow, checks the signed-in API and revokes its token. No secret is stored. |
+| Signed fetches (SecureMode) | **On in production** once the pasture passes with it on (Phase 2 of the 2026-10-04 plan). |
+| Circles on Mastodon and GoToSocial | **Each member's copy names that member** in `cc`; a member's refetch names the member, an instance actor's refetch the members on its server. Nothing new is revealed to anyone outside the circle. |
+| What circles and located posts reveal | **Unchanged**: circles still answer WebFinger, and circle and located posts still count in a persona's post count, "a good balance for the fediverse to work". |
+| Public `/stargazing` statistics | **Later**, as decided on 2026-10-03; the crawler and the admin API keep collecting meanwhile. |
 
 ## Libraries (researched; no maintained .NET ActivityPub library exists, so Letterbook and Iceshrimp.NET both wrote their own)
 

tools/pasture/appsettings.Pasture.json

@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@
 	},
 	"Media": { "Root": "/tmp/privapub-media" },
 	"RateLimits": { "AccountsPerMinute": 1000 },
+	"Registrations": { "Mode": "Open" },
+	"Statistics": { "Geo": { "AutoUpdate": false } },
 	"Kestrel": { "Endpoints": { "Http": { "Url": "http://0.0.0.0:80", "Protocols": "Http1AndHttp2" } } },
 	"Serilog": {
 		"MinimumLevel": { "Default": "Information", "Override": { "Microsoft": "Warning", "System": "Warning" } },

tools/pasture/lib/interop.sh

@@ -15,6 +15,13 @@ site() { curl -k --resolve "$1:6443:127.0.0.1" "${@:2}"; }
 pfetch() { curl -sk --connect-to privapub.test:443:127.0.0.1:6443 "$@"; }
 
 # make_png <path>: an 8x8 red PNG, for uploads
+# the status an unsigned ActivityPub GET of a PrivaPub document gets
+pstatus() { pfetch -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code}' -H 'Accept: application/activity+json' "$1"; }
+# SecureMode (PRIVAPUB_ENV="Federation__SecureMode=true") answers every unsigned GET but the instance actor's 401, so a
+# post's author answering 401 means it is on; then 401 is what "not served" and "gone" look like to an unsigned reader
+secure_mode() { [ "$(pstatus "${1%%/scribbles/*}")" = "401" ]; }
+unserved() { local code; code=$(pstatus "$1"); if secure_mode "$1"; then [ "$code" = 401 ]; else [ "$code" = 404 ]; fi; }
+gone_unsigned() { local code; code=$(pstatus "$1"); if secure_mode "$1"; then [ "$code" = 401 ]; else [ "$code" = 410 ]; fi; }
 make_png() { python3 -c "
 import struct,zlib
 w=h=8
@@ -30,37 +37,14 @@ privapub_root() {
 	echo "$root" | j "print(d['token'])"
 }
 
-# privapub_token <persona>: creates the persona under the pasture root if needed and returns a Mastodon token for it.
+# privapub_token <persona>: creates the persona under the pasture root if needed and returns a Mastodon token for it,
+# through the same OAuth flow the deploy's smoke check uses (tools/smoke/oauth.sh).
 privapub_token() {
-	local persona=$1 jwt cid cs q xt form code
+	local persona=$1 jwt
 	jwt=$(privapub_root)
 	curl -s -o /dev/null -X POST $P/clientapi/avatar/private/insert -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -H "Authorization: Bearer $jwt" \
 		-d "{\"userName\":\"$persona\",\"name\":\"$persona of PrivaPub\",\"biography\":\"testing federation\"}"
-	local app; app=$(curl -s -X POST $P/api/v1/apps -d 'client_name=pasture&redirect_uris=urn:ietf:wg:oauth:2.0:oob&scopes=read+write+follow')
-	cid=$(echo "$app" | j "print(d['client_id'])"); cs=$(echo "$app" | j "print(d['client_secret'])")
-	q="client_id=$cid&redirect_uri=urn:ietf:wg:oauth:2.0:oob&response_type=code&scope=read+write+follow"
-	local jar="$work/jar-$persona"
-	xt=$(curl -s -c "$jar" -b "$jar" "$P/oauth/login?returnUrl=/oauth/authorize?$q" | grep -o 'name="__RequestVerificationToken" type="hidden" value="[^"]*"' | sed 's/.*value="//;s/"//')
-	curl -s -o /dev/null -c "$jar" -b "$jar" -X POST $P/oauth/login --data-urlencode "returnUrl=/oauth/authorize?$q" --data-urlencode "__RequestVerificationToken=$xt" \
-		--data-urlencode "userName=$ROOT_USER" --data-urlencode "password=$ROOT_PASS"
-	curl -s -c "$jar" -b "$jar" "$P/oauth/authorize?$q&signed_in=1" > "$work/choose-$persona.html"
-	form=$(python3 - "$work/choose-$persona.html" "$persona" <<'PY'
-import re,sys,urllib.parse,html
-s=open(sys.argv[1]).read()
-pairs=[(k,html.unescape(v)) for k,v in re.findall(r'<input type="hidden" name="([^"]*)" value="([^"]*)"',s)]
-blocks=re.findall(r'<label[^>]*>(.*?)</label>',s,re.S)
-avatar=None
-for b in blocks:
-    if '@'+sys.argv[2]+'@' in b or '@'+sys.argv[2]+'<' in b or '>'+sys.argv[2]+'<' in b:
-        m=re.search(r'name="avatarId" value="([^"]*)"',b)
-        if m: avatar=m.group(1)
-if avatar is None:
-    avatar=re.findall(r'name="avatarId" value="([^"]*)"',s)[0]
-print(urllib.parse.urlencode(pairs+[("avatarId",avatar),("decision","allow")]))
-PY
-)
-	code=$(curl -s -c "$jar" -b "$jar" -X POST $P/oauth/authorize --data "$form" | grep -o '<code>[^<]*</code>' | sed 's/<[^>]*>//g')
-	curl -s -X POST $P/oauth/token -d "grant_type=authorization_code&code=$code&client_id=$cid&client_secret=$cs&redirect_uri=urn:ietf:wg:oauth:2.0:oob" | j "print(d['access_token'])"
+	"$here/../smoke/oauth.sh" "$P" "$ROOT_USER" "$ROOT_PASS" "$persona" "read write follow" | cut -d' ' -f1
 }
 
 # stats_check <host> <software>: the admin statistics name the peer's software and count traffic both ways.

tools/pasture/scenarios/gts.sh

@@ -165,12 +165,12 @@ until_true 20 '[ "$(gcurl -s -H "$GH" "$G/api/v1/accounts/relationships?id[]=$ci
 curl -s -o /dev/null -X POST $P/clientapi/post/insert -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -H "Authorization: Bearer $jwt" \
 	-d "{\"avatarId\":\"$alice_id\",\"text\":\"only the circle on GoToSocial sees this\",\"groupId\":\"$circle\"}"
 circle_uri=$(podman exec pasture-mongo mongosh --quiet PrivaPub --eval 'print(db.Post.findOne({Text:/only the circle on GoToSocial/}).ObjectURI)')
-if until_true 15 '[ "$(on_gts "$circle_uri" | j "print(len(d[\"statuses\"]))")" = "1" ]'; then
-	ok "a circle post reaches its GoToSocial member"
-else
-	xf "a circle post reaches its GoToSocial member (GoToSocial keeps no post addressed only to a collection it does not know)"
-fi
-[ "$(pfetch -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code}' -H 'Accept: application/activity+json' "$circle_uri")" = "404" ] && ok "the circle post is not served unsigned" || ko "circle post served unsigned"
+# GoToSocial files a post for neither the public nor the author's followers as a direct message (as it does our DMs),
+# shown only to the accounts it mentions; so each member's copy names and silently mentions that member. Like a DM it
+# is then in gtsuser's conversations, never in a search by URI.
+until_true 15 'gcurl -s -H "$GH" "$G/api/v1/conversations" | grep -q "only the circle on GoToSocial sees this"' \
+	&& ok "a circle post, naming its member, reaches its GoToSocial member" || ko "circle post missing on GoToSocial" 
+unserved "$circle_uri" && ok "the circle post is not served unsigned" || ko "circle post served unsigned"
 
 echo "locked personas"
 LT=$(privapub_token locked_alice); LH="Authorization: Bearer $LT"

tools/pasture/scenarios/mastodon.sh

@@ -39,7 +39,10 @@ cw_uri=$(curl -s -X POST -H "$AH" $P/api/v1/statuses -d 'status=behind a warning
 until_true 30 '[ "$(m_status_by_uri "$alice_on_m" "$cw_uri" | j "print(d and d[\"spoiler_text\"]==\"spoilers\" and d[\"sensitive\"])")" = "True" ]' && ok "a content warning survives to Mastodon" || ko "content warning lost on Mastodon"
 fo_uri=$(curl -s -X POST -H "$AH" $P/api/v1/statuses -d 'status=only for followers&visibility=private' | j "print(d['uri'])")
 until_true 30 '[ "$(m_status_by_uri "$alice_on_m" "$fo_uri" | j "print(d and d[\"visibility\"])")" = "private" ]' && ok "a followers-only post reaches Mastodon as private" || ko "followers-only post missing or widened on Mastodon"
-[ "$(pfetch -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code}' -H 'Accept: application/activity+json' "$fo_uri")" = "404" ] && ok "the followers-only post is not served unsigned" || ko "followers-only post served unsigned"
+unserved "$fo_uri" && ok "the followers-only post is not served unsigned" || ko "followers-only post served unsigned"
+# Mastodon deletes its copy when a refetch answers 404, so a signed refetch from a follower's server is answered
+fo_refetch=$(podman exec pasture-mastodon bin/rails runner "s = ActivityPub::FetchRemoteStatusService.new.call('$fo_uri'); puts(s.present? ? s.visibility : 'lost')" 2>/dev/null | tail -1)
+[ "$fo_refetch" = "private" ] && ok "Mastodon's signed refetch of the followers-only post keeps it private" || ko "Mastodon's refetch of the followers-only post: $fo_refetch"
 
 echo "  replies"
 mcurl -o /dev/null -X POST -H "$MH" "$M/api/v1/statuses" -d "status=@alice_masto@privapub.test replying from Mastodon&in_reply_to_id=$a_post_on_m&visibility=public"
@@ -112,7 +115,7 @@ cw_on_m=$(m_status_by_uri "$alice_on_m" "$cw_uri" | j "print(d['id'])")
 cw_id=$(curl -s -H "$AH" "$P/api/v1/accounts/$a_poll_id/statuses" | j "print(next(s['id'] for s in d if s['uri']=='$cw_uri'))")
 curl -s -o /dev/null -X DELETE -H "$AH" "$P/api/v1/statuses/$cw_id"
 until_true 30 '[ "$(mcurl -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" -H "$MH" "$M/api/v1/statuses/$cw_on_m")" = "404" ]' && ok "alice_masto's delete reaches Mastodon" || ko "delete not applied on Mastodon"
-[ "$(pfetch -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code}' -H 'Accept: application/activity+json' "$cw_uri")" = "410" ] && ok "the deleted post answers 410" || ko "deleted post does not answer 410"
+gone_unsigned "$cw_uri" && ok "the deleted post answers 410" || ko "deleted post does not answer 410"
 mcurl -o /dev/null -X DELETE -H "$MH" "$M/api/v1/statuses/$m_poll"
 until_true 30 '! curl -s -H "$AH" "$P/api/v1/timelines/home" | grep -q "Mastodon asks"' && ok "mastouser's delete reaches PrivaPub" || ko "Mastodon's delete not applied on PrivaPub"
 
@@ -144,20 +147,19 @@ circle_post=$(curl -s -X POST $P/clientapi/post/insert -H 'Content-Type: applica
 	-d "{\"avatarId\":\"$alice_id\",\"text\":\"only the circle sees this\",\"groupId\":\"$circle\"}")
 circle_uri=$(podman exec pasture-mongo mongosh --quiet PrivaPub --eval 'print(db.Post.findOne({Text:/only the circle sees this/},{ObjectURI:1}).ObjectURI)')
 # Mastodon 4.7 learns whose personal inbox a delivery reached only from /users/<name>/inbox, never from the numeric
-# /ap/users/<id>/inbox it now advertises, and keeps a post naming no local account only for that recipient
-# (InboxesController#account_required?, Create#addresses_local_accounts?). A circle post names only the circle.
+# /ap/users/<id>/inbox it now advertises, and keeps a post naming no local account of its own only for that recipient
+# (InboxesController#account_required?, Create#addresses_local_accounts?). So each member's copy names that member.
 m_stored() { podman exec pasture-mastodon bin/rails runner "puts Status.exists?(uri: '$1')" 2>/dev/null | tail -1; }
-if until_true 15 '[ "$(m_stored "$circle_uri")" = "true" ]'; then
-	ok "a circle post reaches its Mastodon member"
-else
-	xf "a circle post reaches its Mastodon member (Mastodon 4.7 loses the recipient of numeric-inbox deliveries; owner decision pending)"
-fi
+until_true 15 '[ "$(m_stored "$circle_uri")" = "true" ]' && ok "a circle post, naming its member, reaches its Mastodon member" || ko "circle post missing on Mastodon"
+# a signed refetch, as Mastodon does it, is answered for a member's server and names the member, so the copy stays
+refetched=$(podman exec pasture-mastodon bin/rails runner "s = ActivityPub::FetchRemoteStatusService.new.call('$circle_uri'); puts(s.present? ? 'kept' : 'lost')" 2>/dev/null | tail -1)
+[ "$refetched" = "kept" ] && ok "Mastodon's signed refetch of the circle post keeps it" || ko "Mastodon's refetch of the circle post failed ($refetched)" 
 mastodon_user outsider
 OT=$(mastodon_token outsider)
 alice_on_m_o=$(mcurl -H "Authorization: Bearer $OT" "$M/api/v2/search?q=@alice_masto@privapub.test&resolve=true&type=accounts" | j "print(d['accounts'][0]['id'])")
 [ "$(mcurl -H "Authorization: Bearer $OT" "$M/api/v1/accounts/$alice_on_m_o/statuses?limit=40" | j "print(any(s['uri']=='$circle_uri' for s in d))")" = "False" ] \
 	&& ok "another Mastodon user does not see the circle post" || ko "the circle post leaked to a non-member"
-[ "$(pfetch -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code}' -H 'Accept: application/activity+json' "$circle_uri")" = "404" ] && ok "the circle post is not served unsigned" || ko "circle post served unsigned"
+unserved "$circle_uri" && ok "the circle post is not served unsigned" || ko "circle post served unsigned"
 
 echo "  reports"
 curl -s -o /dev/null -X POST -H "$AH" "$P/api/v1/reports" -d "account_id=$masto_on_p&comment=pasture-report-$circle_name&forward=true"

tools/smoke/oauth.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# Gets a Mastodon API token for one persona through PrivaPub's real OAuth code flow, as a client would: register an app,
+# sign in with the root's password at /oauth/login, choose the persona at /oauth/authorize, read the out-of-band code and
+# exchange it. Prints "<access token> <client id> <client secret>" so the caller can revoke the token afterwards.
+# usage: tools/smoke/oauth.sh <base url> <root login> <root password> <persona> [scopes]
+set -euo pipefail
+BASE="${1:?base url}"; LOGIN="${2:?root login}"; PASSWORD="${3:?root password}"; PERSONA="${4:?persona}"; SCOPES="${5:-read}"
+jar=$(mktemp -d); trap 'rm -rf "$jar"' EXIT
+json() { python3 -c "import sys,json; d=json.load(sys.stdin); print($1)"; }
+
+app=$(curl -fsS -X POST "$BASE/api/v1/apps" --data-urlencode client_name=privapub-oauth \
+	--data-urlencode redirect_uris=urn:ietf:wg:oauth:2.0:oob --data-urlencode "scopes=$SCOPES")
+cid=$(echo "$app" | json "d['client_id']"); cs=$(echo "$app" | json "d['client_secret']")
+scope_q=$(python3 -c "import sys,urllib.parse; print(urllib.parse.quote(sys.argv[1]))" "$SCOPES")
+q="client_id=$cid&redirect_uri=urn:ietf:wg:oauth:2.0:oob&response_type=code&scope=$scope_q"
+
+xt=$(curl -fsS -c "$jar/c" -b "$jar/c" "$BASE/oauth/login?returnUrl=/oauth/authorize?$q" \
+	| grep -o 'name="__RequestVerificationToken" type="hidden" value="[^"]*"' | sed 's/.*value="//;s/"//')
+curl -sS -o /dev/null -c "$jar/c" -b "$jar/c" -X POST "$BASE/oauth/login" --data-urlencode "returnUrl=/oauth/authorize?$q" \
+	--data-urlencode "__RequestVerificationToken=$xt" --data-urlencode "userName=$LOGIN" --data-urlencode "password=$PASSWORD"
+curl -fsS -c "$jar/c" -b "$jar/c" "$BASE/oauth/authorize?$q&signed_in=1" > "$jar/choose.html"
+form=$(python3 - "$jar/choose.html" "$PERSONA" <<'PY'
+import re, sys, urllib.parse, html
+page = open(sys.argv[1]).read()
+pairs = [(k, html.unescape(v)) for k, v in re.findall(r'<input type="hidden" name="([^"]*)" value="([^"]*)"', page)]
+persona = None
+for block in re.findall(r'<label[^>]*>(.*?)</label>', page, re.S):
+    if '@' + sys.argv[2] + '@' in block or '@' + sys.argv[2] + '<' in block or '>' + sys.argv[2] + '<' in block:
+        found = re.search(r'name="avatarId" value="([^"]*)"', block)
+        if found:
+            persona = found.group(1)
+if persona is None:
+    sys.exit("persona '%s' is not offered at /oauth/authorize" % sys.argv[2])
+print(urllib.parse.urlencode(pairs + [("avatarId", persona), ("decision", "allow")]))
+PY
+)
+code=$(curl -fsS -c "$jar/c" -b "$jar/c" -X POST "$BASE/oauth/authorize" --data "$form" | grep -o '<code>[^<]*</code>' | sed 's/<[^>]*>//g')
+[ -n "$code" ] || { echo "no authorization code" >&2; exit 1; }
+token=$(curl -fsS -X POST "$BASE/oauth/token" --data-urlencode grant_type=authorization_code --data-urlencode "code=$code" \
+	--data-urlencode "client_id=$cid" --data-urlencode "client_secret=$cs" --data-urlencode redirect_uri=urn:ietf:wg:oauth:2.0:oob \
+	| json "d['access_token']")
+echo "$token $cid $cs"